TRANSFORMATION AND ‘EUROPEANIZATION’ OF GREEK POLITICAL CULTURE: THE CASE OF POLITICAL PARTIES BETWEEN 1974-2000 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY HÜLYA ALKAN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION JANUARY, 2004. Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences _______________________ Prof.Dr.Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. ________________________ Prof.Dr.Feride Acar Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. ______________________ Assist.Prof.Dr. Kürşad Ertuğrul Examining Committee Members Assist.Prof.Dr. Kürşad Ertuğrul ________________________ Assist.Prof.Dr. Fatih Tayfur ________________________ Assist.Prof.Dr. Canan Aslan Akman ________________________ ABSTRACT TRANSFORMATION AND ‘EUROPEANIZATION’ OF GREEK POLITICAL CULTURE: THE CASE OF POLITICAL PARTIES BETWEEN 1974-2000 Alkan, Hülya M.S., Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Assist.Prof.Dr. Kürşad Ertuğrul January 2004, 191 pages This thesis analyses the ‘dualistic’ structure of Greek political culture formed by traditionalist and modernist wings in a historical context by concentrating on post-1974 era. The dissolution of the dictatorship in 1974 constituted a turning point both for Greek politics and Greek political culture. In this point, political parties played the key role in the process of transition and consolidation of democracy and reshaping Greek political culture. Accession into the EC was another historical step for Greek politics and political culture. Deepening of integration with the EC (EU) and Europeanization process has profoundly affected socio-political, economic structure and institutional modernization of Greece. Europeanization of Greece reformulated the hegemony struggle between traditionalist and modernist wings in favor of the latter. Especially, iii coming to power of Simitis with a pro-European understanding and ‘modernization’ discourse reinforced the hegemony of modernist wing over the traditionalist one. Keywords: Political Culture, Greek Identity, PASOK, ND, Europeanization. iv ÖZ YUNAN SİYASAL KÜLTÜRÜNÜN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ VE ‘AVRUPALILAŞMASI’: 1974-2000 YILLARI ARASINDA SİYASAL PARTİLER ÖRNEĞİ Alkan, Hülya Yüksek Lisans, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Tez Yöneticisi : Yard.Doç.Dr. Kürşad Ertuğrul Ocak 2004, 191 sayfa Bu çalışma, geleneksel ve modernist kanatlar tarafından kurulu Yunan siyasal kültürünün dönüşümünü tarihsel bir çerçeve içinde ve 1974 sonrası döneme ağırlık vererek incelemiştir. 1974 yılında ülkedeki dikta rejiminin çöküşü hem Yunan siyaseti hem de Yunan siyasal kültürü açısından bir dönüm noktası olmuştur. Bu noktada, siyasal partiler demokrasiye geçiş, demokrasinin güçlendirilmesi sürecinde ve Yunan siyasal kültürünün şekillenişinde önemli bir rol oynadı. Avrupa Topluluğu’na katılım Yunan siyaseti ve siyasal kültürü için diğer bir tarihi bir adımı oluşturdu. Avrupa Topluluğu’na v (Avrupa Birliği’ne) entegrasyon sürecinin derinleşmesi ve Avrupalılaşma süreci Yunanistan’ın sosyo-kültürel, ekonomik yapısı ve kurumsal modernleşmesini derinden etkilemiştir. Yunanistan’ın Avrupalılaşması, geleneksel ve modernist kanatlar arasındaki hegemonya mücadelesini modernist kanat lehine değiştirmiştir.Özellikle, 1996 yılında Simitis’in Avrupa yanlısı bir anlayış ve modernleşme söylemiyle iktidara gelişi, modernist kanadın geleneksel kanat üzerindeki üstünlüğünü güçlendirmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Siyasal Kültür, Yunan Kimliği, PASOK, ND, Avrupalılaşma. vi To my dear family… vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratefulness to my supervisor Assist. Prof Dr. Kürşad Ertuğrul for his invaluable support throughout my studies. This thesis would be next to nothing without his sincere and continuous guidance. It was a special opportunity for me to study with him because I learned much from his valuable comments and corrections during the process of writing this thesis. I also would like to thank to Assist.Prof.Dr. Fatih Tayfur and Assist.Prof.Dr. Canan Aslan for their encouragements, precious suggestions and corrections. I am indebted much to my family for their support and strong faith in me. Lastly, many thanks go to my dear friends Effie Pappa, Alexandra Nikolakopoulou, Maria Maniatakou, Suna Güzin Aydemir, Faruk Tuncay and also Asst.Prof.Dr. Kostas Ifantis for their willingness to help me. viii I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Date: 30.01.2004 Signature: ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….iii ÖZ……………………………………………………………………………….……v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………....vii TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………..x LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………...xii INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 1. TRANSFORMATION AND EUROPEANIZATION OF GREEK POLITICAL CULTURE……………………………...................................14 1.1 Greek National Identity………………………………………………..16 1.1.1 Ancient Greek Culture…………………………………………….18 1.1.2 Orthodoxy…………………………………………………………29 1.2 Historical Overview of the ‘Duality’ of Greek Political Culture: Traditionalists versus Modernists from the Establishment of Greek Nation- State till the Junta of 1974…………………………………...40 1.3 ‘Duality’ of Greek Political Culture……………………....................51 2. TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN POST-1974 ERA….66 2.1 1974 as a Landmark in the History of Greek Politics……………......66 2.2 Accession Debates on EC Membership…………………………........83 x 2.2.1 Pan Hellenic Socialist Party (PASOK)…………………................86 2.2.2 New Democracy (ND)………………………………....................107 2.2.3 The Communist Party of Greece (KKE)……………………........116 2.2.4 The Communist Party of Greece-Internal (KKE-Es)……….........118 2.2.5 Evaluation of Political Parties Concerning the Political Culture............................................................................................119 2.3 Changing Value Orientations in Greek Public Opinion in the Process of Europeanization………………………………………….................121 3. GREEK POLITICAL CULTURE IN METAPOLITEFSI…………………....140 3.1 ‘Europeanization’ of Greek Political Culture.........................................153 3.2 Simitis and ‘Modernization’: A New Era in Greek Political Culture.....163 4. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………..............175 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………...............182 xi LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1. The Feeling of Satisfaction with The Way Democracy Works..............121 2. Attitudes Towards the Unification of Western Europe.........................123 3. The Feeling that One’s Country Has Benefited from Being a Member of the European Community.................................................................125 4. Interest in Politics..................................................................................126 5. Interest in EC Politics............................................................................127 6. Attitudes Towards the Single European Market...................................128 7. Trust in Political Institutions.................................................................129 8. Support for European Union Membership............................................130 9. Benefit From European Union Membership.........................................130 10. Trust in The European Union................................................................131 11. Support for a European Constitution.....................................................132 12. Support for Enlargement.......................................................................133 13. Interest in European Union News.........................................................134 14. Dialogue On Europe: Interest in Taking Part in Discussions...............135 15. Image of The European Union.............................................................137 16. European Identity and Pride.................................................................138 xii 17. National Pride.............................................................................................139 xiii INTRODUCTION In my thesis, it will be presented the main framework and transformation of Greek political culture since the establishment of Greek nation-state to the present by concentrating on the post-1974 era. Post-1974 era has a unique meaning in terms of directing this process in line with ‘Europeanization’. In that sense, accession into EC and gradual integration of Greece with the EC (EU) constituted one of the main driving force for institutional change and gradual transformation of Greek political culture in favor of the modernist wing. 1990s could be easily asserted as the decade of reformulation for Greece in terms of economy, politics and culture. Actually, the so-called overall reconstructions in those realms were based on the emergence of democratisation process in 1974. The year 1974 represents a milestone in Greek politics with the dissolution of military regime, which lasted