Map 89 Armenia Compiled by S.E. Kroll (Iran), M. Roaf, St J. Simpson and T. Sinclair (Turkey), 1996 Introduction Turkey The Roman empire occupied parts of the area covered by the map, and from 591 nearly all of it. Moreover, irrespective of political hegemony, the Armenian and Syrian regions here were by virtue of culture and religion an extension of the Greek and Roman world. Armenia in the Roman and Late Antique periods was bounded to the west by the R. Euphrates and to the south by the Taurus mountains, apart from the upper Tigris basin (districts of Ingilene, Sophanene and Arzanene). The area to the south of the Taurus was not considered part of Armenia nor settled by Armenians, but was inhabited by Syrians. The northern edge of the map more or less coincides with the boundary of Armenia in the Roman and Late Antique periods, except towards the east, where significant districts of Armenia–the plain east of the R. Araxes and the mountainous area around Lychnitis Limne–lie within Map 88. The parts of Armenia on Map 89 consist mostly of plains separated by mountains and hills. Elevation rises from west to east, reaching about 5,000 ft in the Thospitis Limne basin. It drops, however, in the basin of Matiane Limne and the Araxes plain further north; these two areas were part of Atropatene during classical antiquity, but were counted within Armenia by the early seventh century A.D. (they are now in Iranian Azerbaijan). Despite its height and partly mountainous nature, the terrain of Armenia was capable of supporting a large and quite evenly dispersed population. Pottery surveys, together with such excavation as has taken place, show that Armenia was most densely populated during the Roman period, with the exception of the Thospitis Limne region, where the pre-Achaemenid Urartian occupation was the most active. Archaeological excavation over the whole area, within classical Armenia or beyond, has been largely confined to rescue work behind the dams on the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and to pre-Achaemenid sites elsewhere. Pottery surveys apart, surface-instrument survey of sites, as opposed to standing monuments, has been mostly limited to Urartian settlements. This said, Atropatene is an exception on both counts. More systematic excavation work could well lead to more complete and satisfactory identification of known toponyms, and would certainly permit a better-balanced picture of occupation with the inclusion of significant unnamed sites. Except in Atropatene, virtually none of the unnamed sites excavated counts as significant at this scale. For the most part, the toponyms known from Greek and Latin sources occur in texts which–from a geographic perspective–are highly unsystematic. They are therefore supplemented selectively by Armenian and Syriac names. Iraq and Syria The difficulties of working with limited evidence (both written and material) in this general area, as outlined in the Introduction to Map 91, apply here likewise. The standard study of the region during classical antiquity is the important and useful work of Dillemann (1962). Unfortunately, however, many of his proposals cannot be confirmed, and his locations for ancient toponyms (except in a few cases) are disputed. Although large numbers of churches and monasteries are recorded in texts (Fiey 1965), relatively few of them can be identified with existing ruins, and even fewer such sites can be shown to have existed before the Islamic period. The road system is discussed by Dillemann (1962) and Oates (1968; 1990). Only small fragments of constructed roads have been discovered, and none of these is securely dated. Bridges have been identified as Roman, although they may date to a later period. Some milestones have been found, but perhaps not in situ. “Hollow ways” identified on the plains of northern Iraq and Syria (Wilkinson 1995) may indicate the positions of ancient routes. MAP 89 ARMENIA 1269 There is no evidence for large-scale canal building except in the river valleys. A canal (not marked) investigated between Tell Sahlan and Tell Hammam al-Turkmen in the R. Balihu valley has been dated by excavation to the Hellenistic period (Gerritsen 1996). In all likelihood, during classical times, as today, canals were constructed to irrigate the river valleys. Iran See Introduction to Map 90. Directory All place names are in Turkey unless otherwise noted Abbreviations GCyp ...G H. Gelzer (ed.), Georgii Cyprii Descriptio Orbis Romani, Teubner, Leipzig, 1890 (for passages omitted from Honigmann’s edition) GCyp ...H E. Honigmann (ed.), Le Synekdèmos d’Hiéroklès et l’opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre, Brussels, 1939 TIB Kappadokien F. Hild and M. Restle, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 2, Kappadokien (Kappadokia, Charsianon, Sebasteia und Lykandos), DenkWien 149, 1981 Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B2 Abarne L Çermik GCyp 931H; Honigmann 1935, 35 C3 Aborras/ SYR / TKY See Map 91 Chaboras fl. D1 Abos M. R Bingöl Dağ Strabo 11.14.2, 13; T. Sinclair E1 Acachia L Tutak? GeogRav 2.9; T. Sinclair E3 Ad fl. Tigrim L Cizre Dillemann 1962, 160 Ad Pontem? = Tel Afar C3 Ad Tygrem/ L/ Diyarbakır Palmer 1990; Sinclair 1996, VII.2 Amida L D1 Adconfluentes L Köprüköy Manandian 1965, 91, 96-98 F4 Adiabene IRQ See Map 91 C3 Adipte L 4 miles E Bismil? Sinclair 1996, VII.2 Aegea = Elegeia B1 Aga M. R mountains between RE Xerxene, col. 2094; T. Sinclair Derzene plain and Satala F2 Aghtamar L Aghtamar Garsoian 1989, 438 C3 Ain al-Qerd ACHR SYR Lyonnet 1996, site 38 E4 Ain Sinu/ RL?/ Ain al-Shaheed IRQ Oates 1968, 73-92 Zagurae? R?L § Zogorra? L Dillemann 1962, 136 H3 Ain-i Rum tepe CH IRN Kroll 2000, UR 107 B3 Aisoumas M. L Karaca Dağ Honigmann 1935, 25 D2 Akbas L Başka Kale Honigmann 1935, 24-25, 27; T. Sinclair A1 Akilisene HR districts of Kemah and Adontz 1970, 43-45 Eriza in upper R. Euphrates valley, and of Ovacık to S Kemah G2 Aladagh Qal'eh RL near Var village IRN Kleiss 1979, 202-203, 233-34 B4 Alagma R near R. Balikh SYR T. Feyter Alaina? = Tell Hayal E2 Alarodioi C Lake Van region Hewsen 1983, 126, 129-31, 133 G2 Alouaka R Başkale? Ptol. 6.2.10 B1 Altıntepe CL Summers 1993, 88-95 Amida = Ad Tygrem 1270 MAP 89 ARMENIA Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference C3 Ammodios/ R?L/ Amuda SYR Dillemann 1962, 159 Amouda R?L § Ammidios § Ammodion § Amudis § Chanmaudi? L Dilleman 1962, 136 B1 Anaetica Regio R vicinity Erzincan Russell 1987, 248; T. Sinclair Anastasioupolis = Dara E1 Andaga L Dellalhanı?, S Endek Manandian 1965, 91, 97-98; T. Sinclair B1 Ani RL Kemah ItMiller 676, 679, 682; Garsoian 1989, 442 Antiochia = Nisibis B3 Antiochia Arabis/ R/ Viranşehir RE Antiocheia 9; RE Antoninopolis; Antoninopolis/ RL/ Honigmann 1935, 21; Tella/ L/ Dillemann 1962, 107 Constantia/ L/ Maximianopolis L B1 Antitaurus M. HR Antitaurus RE Antitauros Antoninopolis = Antiochia RL Arabis B2 Anzita RL Tilenzit (renamed Korluca) Ptol. 5.12.8; Sinclair 1989a, 103-104, 137, 139 B2 Anzitene RL Elazığ plain and Adontz 1970, 27-32 neighboring W bank of upper R. Euphrates D2 *Aphoumon/ L/ Zercel Kale GCyp 939H; Sinclair 1996, VIII.3 Kish L D2 Apostoli, Mon. L Arak kilisesi Thierry 1976 [Apqu] = Tell Abu Marya *Aquae Frigidae = Meiacarire Ar(a)ban = Shadikanni B3 Arabia L Tektek Dağ and district of Dillemann 1962, 77; T. Sinclair Viranşehir C3 Arade HRL SYR Lyonnet 1996, site 25 F1 Araxenon Pedion HR plain of R. Araxes N Mt. Garsoian 1989, 451-52; T. Sinclair Ararat and W Artaxata E1 Araxes fl. See Map 90 Arba-ilu = Arbela Arban = Shadikanni D4 Arbayestan/ RL Morony 1982, 6-10 Beth Arbaye § Bearbaes? L Dillemann 1962, 72 G4 Arbela/ CHRL/ Erbil IRQ RLAss Arbil; EncIran Arba-ilu AC § Arbelitis RE § Artakene? RE ‘Arcaiapis’ = Charcha D2 Archene R W end of Malazgirt plain Markwart 1930, 76-77 *Arda? = *Artales F2 Arest/ L/ Bendimahi Garsoian 1989, 445; Sinclair 1996, VII.3.1; Dagnevana L T. Sinclair Aretissa L. = Arsissa L. E3 *Aribacha L Eskieruh? GCyp 940H; Honigmann 1935, 30-31; T. Sinclair C2 *Arkathiokerta/ HR/ Eğil Hübschmann 1904, 304; RE Καρκαθιόκερτα; ‘Artagigarta’/ R/ Dillemann 1962, 121 Baras/ L/ Basileon Phrourion/ L/ Ingila L E1 Armanas L Tahir or nearby Manandian 1965, 91, 97; T. Sinclair C1 Armenia CHRL RE G2 Arnay? L N Salmas IRN Eremyan 1961, 37, 53 MAP 89 ARMENIA 1271 Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference E2 Arreston Klima L Rshtunik, district of Adontz 1970, 11 Vastauna B3 Arsameia H Gerger Kale RE 3; Dörner 1939, 16-29, 86-91 B2 Arsamosata HRL Haraba RE; Sinclair 1989a, 112-15, 136-37 B2 Arsanias fl. HRL lower R. Euphrates (Murat RE 1 § Arsinos? fl. L Su) Procop., Bell. 1.17.21 F1 Arsesa/ R plain of Erciş RE Elegosine; RE Tigris 1, col. 1010; Elegosine Hewsen 1992, 333; T. Sinclair B2 Arsinia L (Eski) Ergani? ItMiller 739; Sinclair 1989a, 265-66 F2 Arsissa/ HR/ L. Erçek RE; T. Sinclair Aretissa L. R §ArsakisLimne §ArseneL. ‘Artagigarta’ = *Arkathiokerta C1 *Artales/ L/ citadel of Kiğı GCyp 957G; Honigmann 1935, 16-17; *Arda? L Sinclair 1989a, 130-31, 142-43; 1990, 372; T. Sinclair G1 Artaxata HRL peninsula in R. Aras, near RE § Neronias Aralik ARM F2 Artemita R Edremit Hewsen 1982, 140 Arxama = Arzamon H1 Arxata H?R Shahtakht? RE; R.H. Hewsen C4 Arzamon fl. L Zergan Whitby 1986, 242 C3 Arzamon/ RL/ Harzem RE; Dillemann 1962, 103, 159 Arxama RL § Arcamo L D2 Arzanene L upper Tigris basin E Dillemann 1962, 121-23 Nymphios fl. H2 Arziyayad tepe CH SE Salmas IRN Kroll 2000, SL 5 D2 Ashtishat RL Derik Garsoian 1989, 449-50 B4 (As)Syria See Map 3 C2 Astaunitis/ R/ Euphrates plain around Garsoian 1989, 467-68 Asthianene L Bingöl C2 Attachas L Antağ, formerly Hattakh GCyp 938H; Honigmann 1935, 37 D1 Autisparate/ L/ Erzurum RE Theodosiopolis 2; Theodosiopolis L Manandian 1965, 91, 98; T.