REPORT Fish of Walnut Lake.......................................................25 OF THE Condition of fish. ..........................................................25 STATE BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Species, relative numbers and economic importance OF MICHIGAN of the fish......................................................................25 FOR THE YEAR 1907 Methods of fishing. .......................................................26 Annotated list of fish in Walnut Lake............................26 ALFRED C. LANE The Flora, by C. A. Davis...............................................36 STATE GEOLOGIST Relations of plants to animals ......................................36 OCTOBER, 1908 Requirements of plants ................................................36 BY AUTHORITY Adaptation of plants .....................................................36 LANSING, MICHIGAN Law governing plant distribution...................................37 WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS Types of water plants and their associations...............37 1908 Factors controlling plant distribution in a given lake ....37 A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF The lake a desert .........................................................37 Walnut Lake, Michigan. Reasons for zonal arrangement of plants ....................37 Invariable order of the zones........................................37 BY Limits of the different zones .........................................37 THOMAS L. HANKINSON. Zones above the water level ........................................38 WITH CHAPTERS ON THE PHYSIOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY Ideal classification of the plant zones of the region AND FLORA OF THE REGION BY CHARLES A. DAVIS; AND about Walnut Lake .......................................................38 A PAPER ON THE AQUATIC INSECTS OF THE LAKE BY JAMES G. NEEDHAM. Reasons for variation from the ideal arrangement.......38 The plant zones of a lake affected by the soils of the A REPORT OF THE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, bottom ..........................................................................38 PUBLISHED BY THE STATE BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL Application of principles to the flora of Walnut Lake ....38 SURVEY AS A PART OF THE REPORT FOR 1907. Relations of soils to zonal distribution..........................39 Marl ..............................................................................39 Contents Stony or gravelly soils ..................................................39 Black mud or impure peat ............................................39 Letter of transmittal. ....................................................... 2 Effects of aquatic and marsh plant associations on Introduction. .................................................................... 3 their habitat...................................................................39 The plant zones represented in the lake......................40 Acknowledgments ......................................................... 4 The sedge zone ...........................................................40 Equipment and methods of work................................... 4 The bulrush zone .........................................................41 Nomenclature and measurements ................................ 5 The pond-weed zone ...................................................41 Physiography and Geology, by C. A. Davis. ................ 5 The water-lily zone .......................................................42 Location and description of Walnut Lake ...................... 5 Water crowfoot .............................................................42 The bed rock.................................................................. 6 Other zones..................................................................42 Glacial Geology of the region ........................................ 6 Flora of the highlands...................................................43 Post-glacial history of the region ................................... 8 List of plants collected at Walnut Lake.........................43 Marl................................................................................ 9 The Fauna of Walnut Lake. ...........................................45 Peat ............................................................................... 9 Human agencies............................................................ 9 Summary and conclusions ...........................................49 Soils of the drainage basin of Walnut Lake ................. 10 Appendix I. Description of apparatus and methods Physiographic features of the lake shores .................. 10 of recording observations. ...........................................50 Field stations. ................................................................ 11 Collecting apparatus. ...................................................50 Barren shoal type. ....................................................... 11 Equipment for making observations.............................52 Bulrush-covered shoal type......................................... 16 Equipment for making records. ....................................52 Swamp loosestrife-fringed type. .................................. 17 Appendix II. Data on stomach contents of fish taken Marsh bay type. ........................................................... 18 in Walnut Lake................................................................53 Bulrush shoal type. ...................................................... 20 Swampy shore type..................................................... 21 Deep water type. ......................................................... 22 Annual Report for 1907 / Walnut Lake – Page 1 of 66 Appendix III. Notes on the aquatic insects of Walnut Lake with especial reference to a few species of considerable importance as fish food, by James G. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Needham. ....................................................................... 56 OFFICE OF THE STATE GEOLOGIST, LANSING, MICHIGAN. Figures To the Honorable, the Board of Geological Survey of the State of Michigan. Figure 18. Diagram showing results of gas analyses ............24 Hon. Fred M. Warner, President. Figure 19. Chironomus albistria Walker. m, The Hon. D. M. Ferry, Jr. epipharyngeal comb of the larva; n, the labial border; both x 55.................................................................................58 Hon. L. L. Wright, Secretary. Figure 20. Unknown Chironomus larvæ from stomach of Gentlemen:—I have the honor to transmit herewith, whitefish; p, epipharyngeal comb, x 310; q, labial border, received from Chief Field Naturalist, A. G. Ruthven, for x 55.................................................................................59 publication as a part of the Annual Report for 1907, a report on the results of a biological survey of Walnut Figure 21. Semi-diagrammatic figure of the buccal apparatus of the larva of Chironomus viridicollis V. d. W., viewed Lake, Michigan, by Thomas L. Hankinson and from below, the mandibles, x, and maxillæ, y, spread out associates. This report is a contribution from the laterally, and the top of the mouth moved a little anteriorly Biological Survey of the State of Michigan, which the so as to show all of the epipharyngeal armature (based on Legislature authorized you to supervise and execute by drawings by Mr. H. R. Stewart). The line i i represents the Act No. 250 of the session of 1905. It consists of a labral margin of the mouth; the parts above it are on the report on the fauna (particularly the fish) of Walnut Lake, front of the head, outside the mouth; the parts below it are and contains much of a practical nature on the economic in the roof of the mouth. The ill defined fringe of fine relations, habits and distribution of the several species, bristles along this margin has sometimes been designated special attention being given to the occurrence of the as the anterior comb. f, the pedunculate palps (only their peduncles are shown in Miall and Hammond's The white fish in this lake. Harlequin Fly Fig 16), g, frontal sensory hairs; h, h, labral This report was undertaken very largely at the or external rakers; i, i, lateral papillæ; k, epipharyngeal (or suggestion of Captain Clark of Northville, with the hopes posterior) comb; I, I, epipharyngeal or internal rakers; m, of obtaining a practical result in connection with the pure m, lateral arms; n, n, anterior cross bar ;1 o, o, U-bar; p, maxillary palpus; q, lacinia of the maxilla; r, scientific treatment. We hoped to find out why white-fish hypopharynx?; z, the labial border, heavily chitinized (in flourished in this lake, what it was in the surroundings situ, the mandibles swing obliquely downward against this that made them thrive, so that we might know where border)............................................................................59 whitefish might be successfully planted and raised. Figure 22. Gall-bearing petioles of Nymphæa advena. a, The answer seems to be that it depends on the external views of the gall; the dotted circle marks the presence of oxygen in the deep "abyssal" part of the epidermal window, through which the adult emerges. b, lake, both for the whitefish and their food, the larvæ of the gall cut open, showing the larva of Hydromyza certain midges. confluens within..............................................................66 Very respectfully, Figure 23. The larva of Hydromyza confluens. a, side view of the whole larva; b, the caudal peritreme spine, greatly ALFRED C. LANE,