Notes Introduction 1 W. Phillips Davison, ‘Public Opinion’, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 1968. Encyclopedia.com. Accessed December 13, 2011. http:// www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2–3045001019.html 2. Lucien Warner, ‘The Reliability of Public Opinion Surveys’, Public Opinion Quarterly 3 (1939): 377. 3. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso Editions and NLB, 1983), 145 4. See Hiroaki Kuromiya, ‘How Do We Know What the People Thought under Stalin?’ in The Soviet Union – a Popular State? Studies on Popular Opinion in the USSR, edited by Timo Vihavainen (St Petersburg: Evropeiski Dom, 2003), 30–49. 5. As showed a sociologist Pitirim A. Sorokin, Hunger As a Factor in Human Affairs, trans. Elena Sorokin (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1975). 6. Peter Holquist, ‘What’s So Revolutionary About the Russian Revolution? State Practices and the New Style Politics, 1914–21’, in Russian Modernity. Politics, Knowledge, Practices, ed. David L. Hoffmann and Yanni Kotsonis (New York: St Martin’s Press, 2000), 92, 94. See also David Priestland, Stalinism and the Politics of Mobilization. Ideas, Power, and Terror in Inter- war Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). 7. David L. Hoffmann, Cultivating the Masses. Modern State Practices and Soviet Socialism. 1914–1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011), 1–14. 8. Holquist, ‘What’s So Revolutionary’, 89–90; Stephen Kotkin, ‘Modern Times: The Soviet Union and the Interwar Conjuncture’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2.1 (2001): 113, 127. 9. Hoffmann, Cultivating the Masses, 4. 10. Like Arzhilovsky in Véronique Garros, Natalia Korenevskaya, Thomas Lahusen, eds. Intimacy and Terror. Soviet Diaries of the 1930s (New York: The New Press, 1995). 11. Peter Holquist, ‘State Violence as Technique: The Logic of Violence in Soviet Totalitarianism’, in David L. Hoffmann, ed. Stalinism: The Essential Readings (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003). 12. Holquist, ‘What’s So Revolutionary’, 93–4. 13. Simon Pirani, ‘Mass Mobilization versus Participatory Democracy: Moscow Workers and the Bolshevik Expropriation of Political Power’, in A Dream Deferred. New Studies in Russian and Soviet Labor History, ed. Donald Filtzer, Wendy Z. Goldman, Gijs Kessler, Simon Pirani (Bern: Peter Lang, 2008), 95,100. 14. Kotkin, ‘Modern Times’, 133,136; David L. Hoffmann, Stalinist Values. The Cultural Norms of Soviet Modernity (1917–1941) (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003), 158. 15. Ibid. 193 194 Notes 16. Tsentral’nyi Gosudarstvennyi Archiv Istoriko- politicheskikh Dokumentov Sankt- Peterburga (TsGAIPD SPb), 24/5/75/13. 17. Vladimir Brovkin: Russia after Lenin: Politics, Culture and Society, 1921–1929 (New York: Routledge, 1998); Kenneth Slepyan, ‘The Limits of Mobilization: Party, State and the 1927 Civil Defense Campaign’, Europe–Asia Studies 45, 5 (1993). 18. Paul Corner, ed. Popular Opinion in Totalitarian Regimes: Fascism, Nazism, Communism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009); Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia. Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–41 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Vihavainen. 19. Sheila Fitzpatrick, Alexander Rabinovich, Richard Stites, eds., Russia in the Era of NEP. Explorations in Soviet Society and Culture (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991). 20. See, for example, works by Stephen Kotkin, Sheila Fitzpatrick and the book by Christina Kiaer and Eric Neiman, Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia. Taking the Revolution Inside (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006). 21. See works by J. Hellbeck, T. Lahusen, I. Halfin, Ch. Kiaer and E. Naiman, Forum in Kritika, 7.3 (2006). 22. See works by Lynne Viola, Peasant Rebels under Stalin. Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); Sheila Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants. Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994); Jeffrey J. Rossman, Worker Resistance under Stalin. Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005); Forum in Kritika 1.1 (2000) and many others. 23. Gabor T. Rittersporn, ‘The Catastrophe, the Millennium, and Popular Mood in the USSR’, in Vihavainen, 59, 13, 51; Kuromiya, ‘How Do We Know’, in Vihavainen, 41–3; Lewis Siegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Stalinism as a Way of Life. A Narrative in Documents (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 6–9; Alexander Livshin, Nastroenia i politicheskie emotsii v Sovetskoi Rossii. 1917–1932 gg. (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2010), 34–8. 24. Jan Plamper, ‘Beyond Binaries: Popular Opinion in Stalinism’, in Corner. 25. Corner, Introduction, 6; Fitzpatrik, ‘Popular Opinion’, 25. 26. Alter Litvin and John Keep, Stalinism. Russian and Western Views at the Turn of the Millennium, (London: Routledge, 2005), 92. 27. Plamper, 74. 28. Fitzpatrick refers to Kotkin’s view, ‘Popular Opinion’, 25. 29. Anne Gorsuch, Youth in Revolutionary Russia. Enthusiasts, Bohemians, Delinquents (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000). 30. Juliane Furst, Review in Kritika 7.3 (2006): 681; Corinna Kuhr- Korolev, Gezähmte Helden: Die Formierung der Sowjetjugend (Essen: Klartext, 2005); Corinna Kuhr- Korolev, ed., Sowjetjugend 1917–1941: Generation zwischen Revolution und Resignation (Essen: Klartext, 2001). 31. Diane Koenker, Republic of Labor: Russian Printers and Soviet Socialism, 1918–1930 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005); William J. Chase, Workers, Society and the Soviet state: Labor and Life in Moscow, 1918–1929 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987). See also David Shearer, Industry, State, and Society in Stalin’s Russia, 1926–1934 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998); Wendy Z. Goldman, Women at the Gates: Notes 195 Gender and Industry in Stalin’s Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). 32. Kevin Murphy, Revolution and Counterrevolution: Class Struggle in a Moscow Metal Factory (New York: Berghan Books, 2005), 99, 114, 226; Simon Pirani, The Russian Revolution in Retreat, 1920–24: Soviet Workers and the New Communist Elite (New York: Routledge, 2008). 33. Hiroaki Kuromiya, Stalin’s Industrial Revolution. Politics and workers, 1928–1932, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) Chapter 4. 34. The number of nursery places per thousand women had declined in the 1920s. 35. Olga Nikonova, ‘Kak iz krestianki Gaidinoi sdelat’ Marinu Raskovu, ili O teorii i praktike vospitania sovetskih patriotok’, Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 112. 6 (2011) http://www.nlobooks.ru/node/1516, accessed March 20, 2012. 36. Elizabeth A. Wood, The Baba and the Comrade: Gender and Politics in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997); Wendy Z. Goldman, ‘ Working- Class Women and the ‘Withering Away’ of the Family’, in Era of NEP, 125–43. 37. Teodor Shanin, ed., Peasants and Peasants Societies (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971), 253–5. 38. A remarkable exception is Brovkin’s work. 39. Scott J. Seregny, ‘A Different Type of Peasant Movement: The Peasant Unions in the Russian Revolution of 1905’, Slavic Review 47.1 (1988); A. A. Kurenyshev, Vserossiiskii Krestianskii Soiuz, 1905–1930 gg. Mify i real’nost’ (Moscow–St Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 2004); Aaron Retish, Russia’s Peasants in Revolution and Civil War. Citizenship, Identity, and the Creation of the Soviet State, 1914–1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008). 40. Alexander Livshin and Igor’ Orlov, Vlast’ i obschestvo: Dialog v Pis’makh (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2002); Livshin, Nastroenia; see also Eric Naiman, Sex in Public. The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology (Princeton University Press), 26. 41. Olga Velikanova, The Public Perception of the Cult of Lenin Based on Archival Material (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2001). 42. Sheila Fitzpatrick, ‘The Foreign Threat During the First Five Plan’, Alfred G. Meyer, ‘The War Scare of 1927’, Soviet Union/Union Sovietique 5.1 (1978); John P. Sontag, ‘The Soviet War Scare of 1927’, The Russian Review 34.1 (1975); Oleg Oleinik, ‘Problemy voennoi ugrozy SSSR v 1927 godu’, in Problemy sotsial’no- politicheskogo razvitija rossiiskogo obschestva. (Ivanovo, 1992); N. S. Simonov, ‘ “Strengthen the Defense of the Land of Soviets”: The 1927 “War Alarm” and its consequences’, Europe–Asia Studies 48.8 (1996). 43. Svetlana N. Ushakova, Ideologo-propagandistskie kampanii v praktike funkt- sianirovania stalinskogo regima: novye podkhody i istochniki (Novosibirsk: Sova, 2009), 28–56. 44. Nicolas Werth, ‘Rumeurs Defaitistes et Apocalyptiques dens L’URSS des Annees 1920 et 1930’, Vingtieme Siecle, Revue d’histoire, 71, juillet–septembre (2001): 25–35; Lynne Viola, ‘The Peasant Nightmare: Visions of Apocalypse in the Soviet Countryside’, Journal of Modern History 62 (1990). 45. A. V. Golubev, ‘Esli mir obrushitsia na nashu respubliku…’ Sovetskoe obshchestvo i vneshniaia ugrosa v 1920–1940 gg. (Moscow: Kuchkovo Pole, 2008). 46. Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial’ no- Politicheskoi Istorii (RGASPI), 17/85/297/56. 196 Notes 47. Alexei Berelovich and Viktor Danilov, Sovetskaia derevnia glazami VChK–OGPU–NKVD. Dokumenty i materialy (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1998), vol. 2, (hereafter SD), 126. 48. ‘Sovershenno sekretno’: Lubianka–Stalinu o polozhenii v strane (1922–1934 gg.) vol. 1, part 2, (Moscow: IRI RAN, 2001), 912–13, 938. 49. Pirani, Russian Revolution, 140, 235. 50. L. P. Kolodnikova, Sovetskoe Obshchestvo 20-kh godov XX veka. Po dokumentam VChK–OGPU (Moscow: