INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the tect directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter Ace, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Infonnation Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 ACCOMMODATING TO THE LOSS OF EMPIRE: IS THERE A POST-IMPERIAL MILITARY SYNDROME? DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Tanya M. Charljck-Paley, M.A. ******* The Ohio State University 1997 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Donald A. Sylvan, Adviser Professor Kimberly Marten Zisk Adviser Professor Robert Billings Department of Political Science UMI Number: 9801660 Copyright 1997 by Charlicb-Paley, Tanya Michelle All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9801660 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Tanya M. CharKck-Paley 1997 ABSTRACT The current unorthodox role of the Russian military in domestic politics and the abysmal state of Russian military reforms are not primarily the result of internal changes within the Soviet/Russian society, regime and economy. They are not merely examples of a post-communist military, but of a post-imperial military, an organization in decline. Until recently, organizational decline was an understudied phenomena in the life-cycle of organizations. However, current research has shown that the problems that managers encounter in declining organizations are qualitatively different than the challenges they face in organizations undergoing growth or maturation. This means that militaries that are facing declining budgets and prestige as a result of the loss of their imperial role are different organizations than militaries operating in an environment characterized by a relatively stable demand for their services. This dissertation will argue that an increase in the level of internal political participation and a fragmented military characterized by intense intra-organizational conflict are symptoms which can be directly attributed to splits in the way in which military ofiBcers from different generations and service branches characterize the loss of their external and internal empires. These splits are net unique to the Russian case, they are an example of a more generalizable phenomenon, a post­ imperial syndrome. Without an understanding of this general cross-national phenomenon through a comparative case study with other states which have had similar experiences (such as France 1945-1962), scholars of the Soviet and post-Soviet military, security studies and civil-military relations miss the opportunity to learn from the past or to contribute to an understanding of future challenges facing other declining militaries. lU ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my advisor Don Sylvan for his unwavering intellectual and personal support, encouragement, counsel and dedication in correcting both my errors and omissions. I thank Kim Zisk for her commitment to me and to the research endeavor; for her very careful readings o f previous drafts, her suggestions of data sources on the Russian military and her assistance in preparing for the field research portion of this dissertation. I also would like to thank Bob Billings for the special cross-disciplinary perspective he gave to the research project, always pushing me to clarify assumptions and hypotheses. I also wish to thank the following people who have given very useful comments on previous incarnations o f this document: Bill Boettcher, Michael Fischerkeller, Pascal Venesson, Ed Kolodziej, Peg Hermann, Rick Herrmann and the members of the National Science Foundation Research Training Group Fellowship on Collective Decision Making. I am also grateful to my parents, Robert and Judith Charlick who gave both substantive and emotional support throughout the long process of completing this dissertation. Special thanks also go to my husband, Daniel Paley, for always believing in me. This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation iv (DIR-9113599) to the Mershon Center Research Training Group on the Role of Cognition in Collective Decision Making. It was also supported by a National Security Education Program Graduate Enhancement Fellowship and a grant from the Graduate School of the Ohio State University. VITA October 14, 1968 ................................................ Bom - Talence, France Summer, 1988 ..................................................... Intern, Political-Military Division American Embassy, Paris, France May, 1989 ............................................................B A. Political Science, Kenyon College Gambier, OH 1989-1990............................................................Placement Assistant, Partners in International Education and Training, Washington, D C May, 1994............................................................M.A. Political Science, The Ohio State University 1990..................................................................... Graduate Fellow, Ohio State University 1991-present........................................................ Graduate Teaching and Research Associate, The Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field; Political Science Specializing in International Relations and Comparative Politics VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract.............................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................iv Vita.................................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures..................................................................................................................xiii Chapters: 1. Literature Review and Research Hypotheses ...........................................................1 1.1 Introduction. ..................................................................................... I 1.2 Literature Review............................................................................ 4 1.2.1 An Integrative Overview ..................................................................4 1.2.2 Cognitive Constructs for Describing Reality: the Use of Stories........................................................................... 6 1.2.2.1 The Limits of Previous Approaches to the Role of Cognition 7 12.2.2 Problem Representation and Solution: the Story Model .................8 1.2.3 Civil-Mlitary Relations ................................................................... 10 1.2.3.1 The Apotitical Military: Objective Civilian Control ....................... 11 1.2.3.2 Holding the Military at Bay: Subjective Civilian Control ..............13 1.2.3.3 A False Dichotomy: The Political Nature of All Militaries............13 1.2.3.4 When Are Militaries Most Likely to Enter Politics? ......................16 1.2.3.5 Military Political Participation: An Evaluation .............................. 17 1.2.4. Organizational Decline and Reform: How Organizational Structures and Decision Processes Change in Response to Dramatic Environmental Changes ................................................ 19 1.2.4.1 Introduction and Definitions ...........................................................19 1.2.4.2 Declining Organizations: The Struggle Between Status Quo Defensive Centralization and Innovation ..................................... 20 1.2.4.3 Turn-Around Strategies: Matching the Perceived Type of Change to the Successfiil Strategy................... 22 1.2.4.4 Summing it All Up: Paths to Renewal or Accelerated Decline 25 vu 1.2.5 Why Should Security Studies Care About Domestic and Organizational Processes? ............................................................ 25 1.3 Dissertation Overview .................................................................. 27 2. Research Methodology..........................................................................................30 2.1 Introduction/Chapter Overview ..................................................