Universidade de São Paulo Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual - BDPI Outros departamentos - FFCLRP/Outros Artigos e Materiais de Revistas Científicas - FFCLRP/Outros 2008 Taxonomy of Ixinandria Isbrücker & Nijssen (Loricariidae: Loricariinae) based on morphological and molecular data Neotropical Ichthyology, v.6, n.3, p.367-378, 2008 http://producao.usp.br/handle/BDPI/6776 Downloaded from: Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual - BDPI, Universidade de São Paulo Neotropical Ichthyology, 6(3):367-378, 2008 Copyright © 2008 Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Taxonomy of Ixinandria Isbrücker & Nijssen (Loricariidae: Loricariinae) based on morphological and molecular data Mónica S. Rodriguez1, Christian A. Cramer2, Sandro L. Bonatto2 and Roberto E. Reis2 The genus Ixinandria was described in 1979 to include I. steinbachi from the upper río Juramento in northern Argentina and I. montebelloi from the upper río Bermejo in southern Bolivia. We used a multivariate morphometric analysis (Principal Components Analysis) and a molecular comparison of the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene to investigate variation among distinct populations from the known distribution range of both species. We conclude that the populations are not significantly distinct and do not deserve separate species recognition, and we place I. montebelloi in the synonymy of I. steinbachi. O gênero Ixinandria foi descrito em 1979 para incluir I. steinbachi do alto rio Juramento no norte da Argentina e I. montebelloi do alto rio Bermejo no sul da Bolívia. Utilizamos análise morfométrica multivarida (Análise de Componentes Principais) e uma comparação molecular do gene Citocromo Oxidase I para investigar a variação entre populações distintas da área de distribuição de ambas as espécies. Concluímos que as populações não são significativamente distintas e não merecem reconhecimento como espécies separadas, e colocamos Ixinandria montebelloi na sinonímia de I. steinbachi. Key words: Neotropical, Synonymy, río Juramento; río Bermejo; río Pilcomayo. Introduction est of those three syntypes as the lectotype. Canthopomus montebelloi was described from tributaries of the upper río Ixinandria Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1979 was described to Bermejo at the Monte Bello Farm in Tarija, southern Bolivia, accommodate two species, Loricaria steinbachi Regan, 1906, based on the holotype only, also from high elevation. the type species, and Canthopomus montebelloi Fowler, 1940. The validity of those species was later questioned by Ixinandria was considered by the authors to be very close to Isbrücker (1981a), who suggested that they might represent a Rineloricaria Bleeker, 1862, and diagnosed on the basis of single species. In this paper, we revised the two species and the absence of abdominal plates, the degree of development placed Ixinandria montebelloi in the synonymy of I. steinbachi, of odontodes, and the shape of the head in sexually mature based on both morphological and molecular evidence. males (Isbrücker, 1979). Isbrücker (1979) placed Ixinandria in the subtribe Rineloricariina, which also included Material and Methods Spatuloricaria Schultz, 1944, Dasyloricaria Isbrücker & Nijssen, 1979, and Rineloricaria. The validity of Ixinandria The morphometric variables were measured with a digital or its relationships with other loricariines were never further caliper (0.1 mm precision). The measurements and counts fol- investigated. low Isbrücker & Nijssen (1978), except the following: Counts Loricaria steinbachi was placed in the subgenus of lateral plates with coalesced keels and the measurement of Rhineloricaria by Eigenman (1911), a few years after its origi- cleithral width were made according to Reis & Pereira (2000); nal description, and remained as Rineloricaria until it was and eye diameter was measured according to Isbrücker (1973). moved to Ixinandria by Isbrücker (1979). On the other hand, Names and counts of lateral plate rows and rostral plates fol- Canthopomus montebelloi remained mostly unnoticed until low Schaefer (1997). Osteological observations were made on Isbrücker’s (1979) new combination by its inclusion in the specimens cleared and stained (c&s) prepared according to genus Ixinandria. the method of Taylor & Van Dyke (1985). Loricaria steinbachi was described from the río Juramento We used Principal Components Analysis (PCA) to inves- basin, a tributary to the río Salado drainage, near Cachi, Salta, tigate morphometric variation among four distinct populations Argentina, at an elevation of 2,500 meters above sea level, based of Ixinandria, encompassing the area of distribution of both on three specimens. Isbrücker (1979) later designated the larg- I. steinbachi and I. montebelloi. A total of 30 morphometric 1 Laboratório de Ictiologia de Ribeirão Preto (LIRP), Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. [email protected] 2Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. 367 368 Taxonomy of Ixinandria based on morphological and molecular data variables (Table 1) was taken from 73 specimens representing DYEnamicTM ET dye terminator kit (GE Healthcare, São Paulo) comparable size ranges: a population from the río Juramento read in a MegaBace1000 sequencer. Sequences were edited basin, upper río Salado drainage, type-locality of Ixinandria and combined using BioEdit 7.0.1 (Hall 1999). steinbachi (n=16, 58.2-91.6 mm SL), a population from the Sequences were aligned using Clustal X 1.83 (Thompson upper río Bermejo drainage in northern Argentina (n=18, 56.4- et al., 1997) with the standard settings. PAUP*4.0b10 112.8 mm SL), a population from the upper río Bermejo in (Swofford, 2001) was used to analyze the data with respect to southern Bolivia, type-locality of Ixinandria montebelloi the parsimony and the maximum likelihood criteria. For the (n=37, 68.9-100.3 mm SL), and two specimens from the upper maximum parsimony (MP) analysis we used the tree-bisec- río Pilcomayo in Bolivia (n=2, 72.7 and 76.6 mm SL). Principal tion-reconnection (TBR) search algorithm with 1000 replicates components analysis was performed on the co-variance ma- in which taxa were added randomly to the starting tree. All trix of the 30 log-transformed measurements. Factor scores characters were treated as unordered and transformations were plotted for the PC II, III and IV, interpreted to represent were assigned equal weight. Nodal support was evaluated size-free shape (Bookstein, 1989). with 1000 nonparametric bootstrap pseudoreplicates In the lists of material museum abbreviations and catalog (Felsenstein, 1985) using the TBR search algorithm on a start- number are presented first, followed by the number of speci- ing tree to which taxa were added randomly. Multiple optimal mens in that lot, size range, number and size range of mea- topologies were summarized through consensus methods. sured specimens in parentheses, and locality. Institutional The maximum likelihood (ML) analysis was done using the abbreviations are according to Reis et al. (2003), with the TVM+G model found with Modeltest 3.7 (Posada & Crandall, addition of Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad 1998). Nodal support was evaluated with 1000 nonparametric Nacional de Salta, Salta (MCNI), and Universidad Mayor de bootstrap pseudoreplicates. San Simón, Cochabamba (UMSS). A haplotypic network was calculated using Network 4.5.0.0 Scanning electronic micrographs were made at the Facultad (Bandelt et al., 1999). An Analysis of Molecular Variance de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (Universidad Nacional de La (AMOVA) and a fixation index (FST) analysis were calculated Plata) and Centro de Microscopia e Microanálises (Pontificia using Arlequin 3.11 (Excoffier et al., 2005). Mega 3.1 (Kumar Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul). et al., 2004) was used to calculate sequence divergences us- For molecular analyses we used tissue samples from six ing Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) distance. localities as follows: 12 specimens from two localities in the río Arenales, tributary to the río Juramento near Salta, Argen- Results tina; 10 specimens from the río La Caldera and arroyo Lesser, tributaries to the río Bermejo near Salta, Argentina; and 11 Multivariate analysis. The resulting first principal compo- specimens from the río Gaudalquivir and río Camacho, tribu- nent included a large proportion of the total variance (78.6%) taries to the río Bermejo near Tarija, Bolivia. In addition, we and all variable loadings were positive and varied little in used sequences from two outgroup species taken from magnitude, suggesting that it represents a general size factor. GenBank (Apistoloricaria ommation EU359403 and Plots of factor scores of principal component II vs. III grouped Rineloricaria sp. EU359461). specimens into four broadly overlapping clusters (Fig. 1). PC From total genomic DNA extracted from ethanol-preserved II and III included 4.5 and 4.0% of the total variance, respec- tissue using the QIAmp tissue kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), tively. Measurements with heavier loadings on PC II are anal- we amplified and sequenced a 709 basepair fragment of the fin spine length (0.395), body width at dorsal-fin origin (- mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene, using the primers 0.416) and body depth at dorsal-fin origin (-0.434); on PC III LCO1490 and HCO2198 (Hebert et al. 2003). Each PCR was are dorsalmost principal caudal-fin ray (-0.407), ventralmost carried out in