Battleground: The Media Volumes 1 and 2 Edited by Robin Andersen Jonathan Gray Greenwood Press BATTLEGROUND THE MEDIA ii BATTLEGROUND T H E M E D I A VOLUME 1 (A–N) Edited by Robin Andersen and Jonathan Gray GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London iii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Battleground: the media / edited by Robin Andersen and Jonathan Gray. p. cm. — (Battleground) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–34167–0 (alk. paper) 1. Mass media—Political aspects. I. Andersen, Robin. II. Gray, Jonathan (Jonathan Alan). P95.8.B38 2008 302.23—dc22 2007032454 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2008 by Robin Andersen and Jonathan Gray All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007032454 ISBN: 978–0–313–34167–0 (set) 978–0–313–34168–79 (vol. 1) 978–0–313–34169–4 (vol. 2) First published in 2008 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v CONTENTS Guide to Related Topics ix Introduction xvii Entries À La Carte Cable Pricing 1 Advertising and Persuasion 5 Al-Jazeera 14 Alternative Media in the United States 21 Anonymous Sources, Leaks, and National Security 28 Audience Power to Resist 33 Bias and Objectivity 39 Blogosphere: Politics and Internet Journalism 45 Body Image 51 Bollywood and the Indian Diaspora 56 Branding the Globe 62 Cable Carriage Disputes 69 Celebrity Worship and Fandom 76 Children and Effects: From Sesame Street to Columbine 80 v vi | Contents Communication and Knowledge Labor 86 Communication Rights in a Global Context 91 Conglomeration and Media Monopolies 97 Cultural Appropriation 103 Cultural Imperialism and Hybridity 108 Dating Shows 113 Digital Divide 118 Disabilities and the Media 123 The DVD: Home Viewing of Movies Comes of Age 130 Embedding Journalists: How Close Is Too Close? 137 Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgendered, and Queer Representations on TV 145 Global Community Media 151 Google Book Search 157 Government Censorship and Freedom of Speech 162 Hypercommercialism 171 Independent Cinema: The Myth and Necessity of Distinction 183 Innovation and Imitation in Commercial Media 190 Internet and Its Radical Potential 195 Islam and the Media 202 The iTunes Effect 206 Journalists in Peril 213 Media and Citizenship 221 Media and the Crisis of Values 225 Media and Electoral Campaigns 231 Media Literacy: Creating Better Citizens or Better Consumers? 238 Media Reform 247 Media Watch Groups 253 Minority Media Ownership 260 Mobile Media 268 Narrative Power and Media Influence 273 National Public Radio 277 Contents | vii Nationalism and the Media 283 Net Neutrality 289 News Satire: Comedy Central and Beyond 295 Obscenity and Indecency 303 Online Digital Film and Television 308 Online Publishing 315 Paparazzi and Photographic Ethics 321 Parachute Journalism: International News Reporting 328 Pharmaceutical Advertising 334 Piracy and Intellectual Property 342 Pirate Radio 349 Political Documentary: Fahrenheit 9/11 and the 2004 Election 356 Political Entertainment: From The West Wing to South Park 362 Pornography 368 Presidential Stagecraft and Militainment 376 Product Placement 381 Propaganda Model 388 Public Access Television 395 Public Broadcasting Service 400 Public Opinion: Are Polls Democratic? 406 Public Sphere 412 Ratings 419 Reality Television 425 Regulating the Airwaves: “A Toaster with Pictures” or a Public Service? 433 Representations of Class 441 Representations of Masculinity 446 Representations of Race 452 Representations of Women 459 Runaway Productions and the Globalization of Hollywood 470 Sensationalism, Fear Mongering, and Tabloid Media 477 Shock Jocks: Making Mayhem over the Airwaves 488 viii | Contents Surveillance and Privacy 495 Television in Schools 503 TiVo: Timeshifting America 509 Tourism and the Selling of Cultures 513 Transmedia Storytelling and Media Franchises 519 User-Created Content and Audience Participation 529 Video Games 537 Video News Releases: A Hidden Epidemic of Fake TV News 542 Violence and Media: From Media Effects to Moral Panics 549 Women’s Magazines 559 World Cinema 567 Youth and Media Use 579 Bibliography 585 About the Editors and Contributors 599 Index 609 GUIDE TO RELATED TOPICS Audiences, Citizens, and Consumers Audience Power to Resist Body Image Celebrity Worship and Fandom Children and Effects: From Sesame Street to Columbine Communication and Knowledge Labor Communication Rights in a Global Context Cultural Appropriation Cultural Imperialism and Hybridity Digital Divide Disabilities and the Media Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgendered, and Queer Representations on TV Global Community Media Government Censorship and Freedom of Speech Islam and the Media Media and Citizenship Media and the Crisis of Values Media Literacy: Creating Better Citizens or Better Consumers? Media Reform Media Watch Groups Narrative Power and Media Influence Nationalism and the Media Obscenity and Indecency Online Digital Film and Television Piracy and Intellectual Property x x | Gude to Related Topcs Propaganda Model Public Access Television Public Opinion: Are Polls Democratic? Public Sphere Regulating the Airwaves: “A Toaster with Pictures” or a Public Service? Representations of Class Representations of Masculinity Representations of Race Representations of Women Surveillance and Privacy Television in Schools User-Created Content and Audience Participation Video Games Violence and Media: From Media Effects to Moral Panics Women’s Magazines Youth and Media Use commerciAlism and Promotion Advertising and Persuasion Audience Power to Resist Branding the Globe Hypercommercialism Media and the Crisis of Values Media and Electoral Campaigns Media Literacy: Creating Better Citizens or Better Consumers? Pharmaceutical Advertising Presidential Stagecraft and Militainment Product Placement Ratings Sensationalism, Fear Mongering, and Tabloid Media Television in Schools Tourism and the Selling of Cultures Transmedia Storytelling and Media Franchises Video News Releases: A Hidden Epidemic of Fake TV News internAtionAl MediA Al-Jazeera Bollywood and the Indian Diaspora Branding the Globe Communication and Knowledge Labor Communication Rights in a Global Context Conglomeration and Media Monopolies Cultural Imperialism and Hybridity Digital Divide Embedding Journalists: How Close Is Too Close? Global Community Media Islam and the Media Gude to Related Topcs | xi Journalists in Peril Nationalism and the Media Parachute Journalism: International News Reporting Piracy and Intellectual Property Runaway Productions and the Globalization of Hollywood Tourism and the Selling of Cultures World Cinema JournAlism and RePorting Advertising and Persuasion Al-Jazeera Alternative Media in the United States Anonymous Sources, Leaks, and National Security Bias and Objectivity Blogosphere: Politics and Internet Journalism Conglomeration and Media Monopolies Disabilities and the Media Embedding Journalists: How Close Is Too Close? Global Community Media Government Censorship and Freedom of Speech Hypercommercialism Islam and the Media Journalists in Peril Media and Citizenship Media and the Crisis of Values Media and Electoral Campaigns Media Watch Groups Minority Media Ownership News Satire: Comedy Central and Beyond Paparazzi and Photographic Ethics Parachute Journalism: International News Reporting Presidential Stagecraft and Militainment Propaganda Model Public Opinion: Are Polls Democratic? Public Sphere Representations of Class Representations of Race Representations of Women Sensationalism, Fear Mongering, and Tabloid Media User-Created Content and Audience Participation Video News Releases: A Hidden Epidemic of Fake TV News Youth and Media Use Film and CinemA Body Image Bollywood and the Indian Diaspora Celebrity Worship and Fandom xii | Gude to Related Topcs Children and Effects: From Sesame Street to Columbine Conglomeration and Media Monopolies Cultural Imperialism and Hybridity The DVD: Home Viewing of Movies Comes of Age Hypercommercialism Independent Cinema: The Myth and Necessity of Distinction Innovation and Imitation in Commercial Media Islam and the Media Media and the Crisis of Values Nationalism and the Media Obscenity and Indecency Online Digital Film and Television Piracy and Intellectual Property Political Documentary: Fahrenheit 9/11 and the 2004 Election Political Entertainment: From The West Wing to South Park Pornography Product Placement Representations of Class Representations of Masculinity Representations of Race Representations of Women Runaway Productions and the Globalization of Hollywood Transmedia Storytelling and Media Franchises Violence and Media: From Media Effects to Moral Panics World Cinema new MediA Alternative Media in the United States Blogosphere: Politics and Internet Journalism Digital Divide The DVD: Home Viewing of Movies Comes of Age Global Community Media Google Book Search Hypercommercialism Internet and Its Radical Potential The iTunes Effect Media Literacy: Creating Better Citizens or Better Consumers Media Watch Groups Mobile Media Online Digital Film and Television Online Publishing Piracy and Intellectual Property Pornography Ratings Surveillance and