Ministry of Works and Human Settlement Japan International Cooperation Agency (MoWHS) (JICA) The Project for Formulation of Comprehensive Development Plan for Bhutan 2030 Final Report Volume II Existing Conditions and Development Issues June 2019 RECS International Inc. Research Institute for Urban & Environmental Development, Japan Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. Currency equivalents (as of 10 May 2019): BTN1.00=INR 1.00 BTN1.00=USD 0.01426 BTN1.00=JPY 1.57 Source: OANDA.COM (http://www.oanda.com) The Project for Formulation of Comprehensive Development Plan for Bhutan 2030 Final Report TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Objectives and Outputs ............................................................................................. 1-1 1.3 Study Area and Administrative Setting ..................................................................... 1-2 1.3.1 Study Area and Basic Data of Bhutan ........................................................... 1-2 1.3.2 Local and National Administrative Structure ................................................ 1-4 1.3.3 Administrative Boundaries ............................................................................ 1-5 1.4 Arrangements for Implementing the Project ........................................................... 1-10 1.5 Project Schedule ...................................................................................................... 1-13 1.6 Project Reports ........................................................................................................ 1-14 CHAPTER 2 VISION OF THE EXISTING NATIONAL POLICY AND THE PLAN FOR BHUTAN ......................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 The Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan ............................................................ 2-1 2.2 The Existing National Policy and Strategy ............................................................... 2-3 2.2.1 Strategy for Gross National Happiness ......................................................... 2-3 2.2.2 Bhutan 2020 .................................................................................................. 2-5 2.3 The Existing Five-Year Development Plan ............................................................... 2-7 2.3.1 The 11th Five-Year Plan (2013~2018) .......................................................... 2-7 2.3.2 The 12th Five-Year Plan (2018~2023) .......................................................... 2-9 2.4 The Existing Sectoral Policy and Plan .................................................................... 2-13 2.5 Sustainable Development Goals ............................................................................. 2-16 CHAPTER 3 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF BHUTAN ................................................. 3-1 3.1 Climate ...................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Climatic Zones in Bhutan .............................................................................. 3-1 3.1.2 Meteorological Data ...................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Topography ............................................................................................................... 3-4 3.3 Geology ..................................................................................................................... 3-6 3.4 Soil ............................................................................................................................ 3-9 3.5 Fauna and Flora ....................................................................................................... 3-10 3.5.1 Overview ..................................................................................................... 3-10 3.5.2 Flora ............................................................................................................ 3-10 3.5.3 Fauna ........................................................................................................... 3-11 3.5.4 Threatened Species ...................................................................................... 3-12 3.6 Water System and Water Resources ........................................................................ 3-13 3.6.1 Water Resources at the National and Local Levels ..................................... 3-13 3.6.2 Water System ............................................................................................... 3-14 3.6.3 Water Supply System .................................................................................. 3-16 3.7 Bhutanese Significance of Enriched Enviornment ................................................. 3-16 CHAPTER 4 THE SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF BHUTAN .............................. 4-1 4.1 Population and Migration .......................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Demographic Composition and Population Distribution .............................. 4-1 4.1.2 Migration ....................................................................................................... 4-4 4.2 GDP and Economic Structure ....................................................................... 4-7 4.3 Employment ............................................................................................................ 4-14 i The Project for Formulation of Comprehensive Development Plan for Bhutan 2030 Final Report 4.4 The Renewable Natural Resources (RNR) Sector and Agriculture ........................ 4-16 4.4.1 The Current Conditions and Organization of the RNR Sector and Agriculture ..................................................................................................................... 4-16 4.4.2 Policy and Programme of the RNR and Agricultural Sectors ..................... 4-41 4.5 Forestry Industry ..................................................................................................... 4-46 4.5.1 Current Conditions and Organization of the Forestry Industry ................... 4-46 4.5.2 Policies and Programmes for Forestry ........................................................ 4-57 4.6 Livestock ................................................................................................................. 4-59 4.6.1 Current Conditions and Organization of Livestock .................................... 4-59 4.6.2 Policies and Programmes for Livestock ...................................................... 4-67 4.7 Industry ................................................................................................................... 4-68 4.7.1 Current Conditions and Organization of Manufacturing ............................ 4-68 4.7.2 Industrial Policies and Programmes ............................................................ 4-75 4.8 Mining ..................................................................................................................... 4-76 4.8.1 Current Conditions and Organization of Mining ........................................ 4-76 4.8.2 Mining Policies and Programmes ............................................................... 4-79 4.9 Tourism ................................................................................................................... 4-80 4.9.1 Current Conditions and Organization of the Tourism Sector ...................... 4-80 4.9.2 Tourism Policies and Programmes .............................................................. 4-88 4.10 Cottage and Small Industries .................................................................................. 4-89 4.10.1 Current Conditions and Organization of Cottage and Small Industries ...... 4-89 4.10.2 Policies and Programmes for Cottage and Small Industries ....................... 4-92 4.11 Investment Promotion ............................................................................................. 4-94 4.11.1 Current Conditions and Organization of Investment Promotion................. 4-94 4.11.2 Investment Climate ..................................................................................... 4-96 4.12 Public Finance System .......................................................................................... 4-100 CHAPTER 5 SPATIAL PATTERN AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF BHUTAN ......................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1 Existing Land Cover ................................................................................................. 5-1 5.1.1 Land Cover in 2010 ....................................................................................... 5-1 5.1.2 Land Cover in 2016 ....................................................................................... 5-3 5.1.3 Latest Land Cover in 2017 ............................................................................ 5-5 5.2 Urban Area and Settlement Distribution ................................................................... 5-7 5.2.1 Settlement Distribution ................................................................................. 5-7 5.2.2 Urban Population and Population Density .................................................. 5-10 5.3 Transport