ITPCM#International#Commentary Vol.$VIII$$no.$30,$July$2012 The#ITPCM International#Commentary International Training Programme ISSN.#2239K7949 for Conflict Management in$this$issue:$ UDAN SOUTH SUDAN BROADCASTING STATE POWER Oil$&$corruption$curses$ Neglecting$the$CPA, Nubian$and$land$issues$ in$South$Sudan impacts$on$the$Sudan/South$ in$South$Kordofan by#Brian#Adeba,#p.#5 Sudan$relations by#Siham#Khalid,#p.#29 by#Dagu#David#Justin,#p.#17 South$Sudan$quest$for$ freedom$of$expression The$humanitarian$ about$the$ITPCM: by#Enrica#Valentini#,#p.#9 dimension$of$the$crisis Next#Events#&#Trainings,#p.#34 by#Laura#Nistri,#p.#21 Real$and$apparent$causes$ Prosecutor$of$the$ of$the$Sudan/South$Sudan$ Sudan:$power$ International$Criminal$Court$ demonstrations$of$a$failed$ Ms.$Fatou$BENSOUDA by#Marshal#Olal,#p.#13 state$ visiting#the#Scuola,#22nd#October#2012,#p.#34 by#Amgad#Fareid#Eltayeb,#p.#24 1 ITPCM#International#Commentary July#2012 ISSN.#2239K7949 the$ITPCM$ International$Commentary Chief&Director:& Francesco&Ceccarelli & Editor&in&Chief:& Michele&Gonnelli Contributors&to&this&issue: Brian&Adeba,& Dagu&David&Justin,&Siham&Khalid,& Laura&Nistri,&Marshal&Olal,& Enrica&Valentini&& Graphic&Design:& Michele&Gonnelli 2 ITPCM#International#Commentary December#2011July#2012 ISSN.#2239K7949 Submerged$landscapes$of$the$African$State Sudan#was#until#one#year#ago#K#when# K by#the#Sudanese#example.#Those#entiK South# Sudan# eventually# proclaimed# ence,#all#those#pending#issues#would# ties#are#held#tightly#together#by#more# its#independence#(9th#July#2011)#K#the# reKemerge# with# all# the# brutality# and# traditional,# stringent# and# imminent# biggest#African# country.#Ruling# over# the# inadequacies# that# lay# before# the# linkages#than#the#supposed#supremaK its#huge#territory#–#more#than#2,5#milK lions# square# kilometres# K# and# scatK K as#being#corrupt#and#too#distant,#if#not# tered# population# –# about# 45# million# hostile. people#in#total#K#was#a#big#challenge# by# a# nationalist# party# or# liberation# and#ultimately#a#big#failure.#The#seeds# army# –# supposedly# representing# the# In# this# issue,# we# focus# on# those# dyK of#which#can#be#traced#back#decades. majority# of# the# people# K# legitimated,# namics,#their#grounds,#and#the#violent# The# Sudanese# experience# in# this# reK in# the# name# of# the# # unity,# the# outcomes#generated#by#unjust#power# newly# setKup# governments.# Yet# the# K caseKstudy# that# could# help# interpret# submerged#and#intricate#socioKpolitiK casting.# Perhaps# not# surprisingly,# and# understand# many# dynamics# in# cal#landscape#underneath#such#an#enK what# the# Sudanese# government# has# Africa#today.#As#peculiar#as#it#might# thusiastic# claim# remained# generally# been# witnessing# in# the# last# 50# years# be# in# the# given# context,# a# general# unchanged#and#out#of#reach.# seems#to#be#replicated,#in#some#ways,# by# the# brand# new# South# Sudanese# observed#and#extended#to#other#subK Later,# along# the# fragile# development# experience.# If# the# germs# of# such# deK Saharan#countries.# path,#when#it#came#to#resource#exploiK generation#can#already#be#seen#maybe# tation#and#sharing,#old#socioKeconomK the#disease#is#innate#in#the#institutional# If#population#movements,#migrations# ic,#ethnic#and#religious#partitions#and# tool# adopted.# One# could# conclude# and#chiefdoms#were#the#normality#in# that# the# investigation# and# the# deK the#preKcolonial#period,#the#advent#of# secessionist# movements# and# quests# velopment# of# other# forms# of# power# the#colonial#state,#with#its#rigid#boundK for# selfKdetermination.# Inevitably# in# management,# more# adaptable# to# the# aries#and#central#apparatus#had#de&facF many# African# countries,# and# within# African#environment#are#needed,#now# to K more#than#ever.## ries,# the# central# government# had# to# independence#–#whenever#it#occurred# come#to#terms#with#the#too#long#overK K#the#very#existence#of#the#new#African# K state# was# not# endangered# from# outK trol#of#the#hinterlands.#In#this#respect,# Michele$Gonnelli side,#but#rather#from#inside.# land#tenure#systems,#customary#land# Beyond# any# declaration# of# principle,# rights#and#local#habits,#with#their#set# constitutional# arrangement,# power# of# rules,# ethnicKreligious# traditions# sharing,# and# alleged# political# deK and# population# movements,# sudK velopment,# reality# was# far# from# beK denly# regained# importance# for# their# ing# entrenched# in# the# given# imported# ongoing#role. framework. Sudan/South#Sudan#civil#wars#repreK If#it#is#true#that,#in#Europe,#war&made& sent# unquestionable# evidence# of# all# the& state& and& the& state& made& war,# the# this.#Yet,#the#process#at#stake#is#not#just# African#continent#seemed#to#have#esK that.#The#Sudanese&issue#includes#also# caped#such#a#crude#training#and#selecK Darfur,#South#Kordofan#and#Blue#Nile# tion#process,#or#to#have#postponed#it,# though# just# temporarily# and# accordK Jonglei,#the#alleged#Dinka#domination# in#Juba#as#well#as#the#forced#IslamisaK few# exceptions,# power# in# most#AfriK tion#carried#out#by#the#government#in# can# countries# was# # handed# Khartoum.#For#many#countries#in#AfK over#by#the#colonial#rulers#to#the#new# rica,#what#was#supposed#to#be#easily# leaders# of# the# independence# moveK K ments.# Similarly,# at# the# time# of# the# K Berlin#Conference#in#1885,#the#African# K territory#was#divided#along#geometriK pliant# international# aid# system# that# cal# lines# without# resorting# to# armed# statehood# and# its# alleged# # are# of#vast#areas#was#far#from#being#exerK now#disintegrating#into#more#defendF cised.# able# and# compact# entities,# as# shown# 3 ITPCM#International#Commentary December#2011July#2012 ISSN.#2239K7949 pp.#5#K#32 Contributions 4 4 ITPCM#International#Commentary December#2011 ISSN.#2239K7949 by Brian Adeba Journalist$ OIL AND CORRUPTION CURSES IN SS IMPASSE. The$new$baby$buckles$ ed#in#a#serious#fuel#and#hard#currency# nomic# state# of# the# newly# established# an# independent# state,# it# faces# an# unK shortage# and# skyrocketing# prices# for# nation# has# raised# the# concern# of# the# precedented#economic#crisis#manifestK basic# commodities.# # This# dire# ecoK 5 ITPCM#International#Commentary July#2012 ISSN.#2239K7949 marcation#debacle.3 understanding# of# how# this# scenario# came# to# be# is# useful.# Prior# to# secesK The# second# problem# regards# both# sion,#Khartoum#ensured#–#whether#by# of# collapse.1# The# United# Nations# has# design#or#accident#–#that#all#labour#inK echoed# similar# sentiments,# warning# amount# of# transit# fees# for# shipping# puts#on#oil#production#were#connected# that#despite#the#enactment#of#austerity# to# the# northern# Sudanese# economy.# measures#to#address#the#impact#of#the# Consequently,# the# oil# infrastructure# –# crisis,#South#Sudan#will#require#more# South#Sudan#suggested#the#conciliatoK relief#aid#to#keep#its#population#alive#in# ry#aboveKmarket#rate#of#US$#1#per#barK airports,#roads,#and#ports#–#were#wellK the#coming#months.2 rel,#but#Khartoum#pegged#the#price#at# developed# in# the# north,# while# practiK the#exorbitant#rate#of#US$#36#per#barrel.# cally#nothing#exists#in#the#south#where# Subsequently,#as#a#stalemate#wore#on,# K economic#woes:#a#decision#to#stop#oil# exports#through#a#pipeline#controlled# 5 by#its#arch#foe,#the#Republic#of#Sudan;# the crux of South Sudan’s economic and# rampant# corruption# among# the# woes rests in the failure to diversify ruling#elite.# its economy, which relies solely on encumbered# by# the# proverbial# “reK This# commentary# reviews# these# reaK oil exports, which account for 98 source# curse,”# the# crux# of# South# SuK sons,#situating#them#within#the#context# percent of the national budget to#diversify#its#economy,#which#relies# political#factors#with#a#broader#outlook# K solely# on# oil# exports,# which# account# on# the# residual# political# hiccups# arisK ing# through# its# pipelines# to# compenK for#98#percent#of#the#national#budget.# ing#out#of#the#split#of#the#Republic#of# sate#for#what#it#called#“unpaid”#transit# The# agricultural# sector,# which# has# a# Sudan#into#two#countries#in#July#2011.# fees.# In# response,# South# Sudan# shut# high#potential#as#a#revenue#earner,#reK down#oil#production#and#transfers,#efK mains#underdeveloped#despite#the#fact# that#90#percent#of#the#land#is#arable#and# problems# stem# from# the# inability# to# revenue#source.4 50# percent# of# it# is# prime# agricultural# reach#a#fair#deal#to#ship#oil#through#SuK land.6#Funding#for#agriculture#has#conK The# stoppage# of# oil# production# and# sistently#been#less#compared#to#other# planning# for# alternatives# to# address# K sectors.#For#example,#in#the#2011K2012# potential# oil# revenue# shortfalls# has# lines,#however,#must#be#viewed#holistiK budget,#funding#for#infrastructure#deK cally#within#the#context#of#extant#latent# velopment#trumped#funding#for#agriK crisis.# Additionally,# this# commentary# political#tensions#with#Sudan#and#the# culture.7#In#the#2012K2013#budget,#over# emphasizes# that# the# emergence# of# a# aura# of# mutual# mistrust# this# created.# 60#percent#of#the#$1.3#billion#budget#is# powerful#kleptocracy#at#the#centre#that# The#lack#of#political#will#by#Khartoum# earmarked#for#security#and#rule#of#law# is#dependent#on#the#avails#of#oil,#has# to# implement# the# full# stipulations# of# sectors,#while#other#sectors,#including# managed# to# create# a# corrupt# system# the#CPA#(The#Abyei#Protocol,#Popular#