Plundering Pirates and Profiteering Privateers 1 Fascinating Flags of Plundering Pirates and Profiteering Privateers Robert S. Gauron We all can probably remember, from our childhood days, romantic stories about pirates—such as Treasure Island and Peter Pan. They bring back memo- ries of the ferocious pirate shown on the cover. As the “Pirate” article in The World Book Encyclopedia puts it: “He is pictured as a swarthy ruffian with a black beard or a fierce mustache. He wears gold earrings and a turban or a large hat, and carries a sword or dagger in his hand and a brace of pistols in his belt. He may be directing his men to bury treasure or ordering a victim to walk the plank.” Pirates A pirate is nothing more than a sea robber. The crime of piracy is armed robbery by ships of merchant ships at sea or of coastal cities. According to international law, piracy is punishable by death. The history of piracy is as old as the history of seafaring. It is said that piracy is the third oldest profession— after prostitution and medicine. It is also said that trade follows the flag, and robbery (whether by land or sea) follows trade. Pirates seized ships for cargo because they believed that the rewards of the crime were worth the risk. They often turned to piracy in protest against oppressive conditions at home or on merchant ships. Piracy began in the Mediterranean Sea, and spread to the Atlantic Ocean and then to the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Pirates preyed upon the ships of the ancient Phoenicians about 3,000 years ago, and later on those of the Greeks and Romans, who sailed the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas. In 78 BC, during the Roman republic, a young Julius Caesar was cap- tured in the Aegean Sea by 350 pirates who held him for ransom. The pirates Raven, Vol. 7, 2000, pp. 1-18 ISSN 1071-0043 ©2000 NAVA 1 2 Robert S. Gauron demanded 20 talents for his release. However, he indignantly declared that he was worth at least 50 talents, or about $187,500 today [1979]. After his release, he returned with a squadron of ships, seized the pirates, and executed every one of them—30 of the leaders by crucifixion. He showed some mercy on those leaders who had treated him well in captivity; to shorten their misery while being crucified, he had their throats slit. The Vikings plundered ships and terrorized coastal cities between the 8th and 11th centuries AD, first in the Baltic Sea and the English Channel in northern Europe, and then later, in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Muslim pirates sailed out of North African ports to molest ships in the Mediterranean. The most famous of these corsairs were the two red-bearded brothers Barbarossa—Arouj and Khair-ed-Din. They were active in the late 1400s and early 1500s. By the 16th century, the corsairs had established a pirate empire, the Barbary States, spreading across today’s Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. The governments of the Barbary States relied on piracy for the greater part of their revenues—probably the only countries in history to do so. They sold Christians into slavery and demanded large sums of money from other countries as protection. The United States paid such tribute from 1795 to 1801. It was not until France occupied Algiers in 1830 that piracy ended in the Mediterranean. The Golden Age of piracy lasted from the 1500s through the 1700s. Con- tests between Spain and other European countries spurred piracy in the West Indies and along the coasts of South and North America. Spanish ships loaded with gold from Mexico and the Spanish Main, as South America came to be called, attracted pirates to the Caribbean Sea. Later, Africa offered pirate haunts on the Guinea coast and the island of Madagascar. The pirates in the Caribbean had a special name, “buccaneers”, because be- fore turning to piracy they had cured meat in a smokehouse, and sold it to pass- ing ships. The smokehouse was called a boucan, the French word for the wooden grill on which they cured meat. One of the most famous buccaneers was Henry Morgan, who captured the city of Origin of name “buccaneers”. Panama in 1671. Morgan was actually Plundering Pirates and Profiteering Privateers 3 Buccaneers raiding a Spanish port in the Caribbean. Wood engraving by Theodore de Bry (1528-1598) from Newberry Library, Chicago. knighted by the King of England. Other pirates became national heroes and respected citizens (in their own countries). Pirates of New York and New England dur- ing colonial times had close connections with smuggling and other illegal trading, in defiance of British laws. Their activities often grew out of the fierce spirit of independence that finally led to the complete break with England in the Revolution- ary War. The colonists received the pirates warmly because of the profits brought by their raids. One of the last American buccaneers was Jean Laffite, who operated from the Mississippi River delta. He helped General Andrew Jackson win the Battle of New Orleans against the British in 1815. In the 1800s and 1900s, piracy declined because of larger merchant ships, improved naval patrolling of sea- lanes, and the general recognition of piracy as an Pirate Jean Laffite. international crime. In recent years, some piracy From Culver. has arisen in the South China Sea (of course air- 4 Robert S. Gauron A pirate flag from A General History of the Robberies & Murders of the Most notorious Pyrates, published in 1724. Capt. Emanuel Wynne’s flag. Capt. John Avery’s flag. W/N W/N Capt. Richard Worley’s flag. Capt. John Rackam’s flag. W/N W/N Capt. Edward England’s flag. Capt. Stede Bonnet’s flag. W/N W/N Plundering Pirates and Profiteering Privateers 5 Capt. Bartholomew Roberts’ tall mast flag and jack. Capt. Thomas Tew’s flag. W/N W/N Capt. Walter Kennedy’s flag. Capt. Christopher Moody’s flag. W/N B- wings; Y hourglass & skull/bones; W arm/sword all on R Capt. Edward Teach’s flag. Capt. Edward Low’s flag. W skeleton; R heart & drops on N R/N Capt. Christopher Condent’s pennant. W/N 6 Robert S. Gauron plane hijacking is another form of modern piracy, although usually accom- plished for political reasons). Pirate Flags Now let us turn to the flags flown by pirates. They flew no nation’s flag except to deceive others. From the romantic stories in print, one might believe that all pirates flew the white skull and crossbones on a black field, the “Jolly Roger”. The origin of the name is uncertain—it may have come from joli rouge, for “pretty red”, the French description of the bloody banner flown by early pi- rates. But pirates flew flags of many different designs. While most were varia- tions of the skull and crossbones, others were personal flags of individual pi- rates. The pirates were masters of psychological warfare and attempted to instill fear in the hearts of their victims. They did so by dressing ferociously; by brandishing an array of cutlasses, daggers, pistols, and other weapons; by shout- ing oaths and yelling threats; by beating drums and blowing bugles as they boarded ships; by throwing smoke bombs and stink pots of saltpeter and sul- fur onto the decks of ships; and by displaying symbols of death on their flags. The symbols might be skulls, crossbones, bleeding hearts, daggers, cutlasses, hourglasses, or rattlesnakes on black, red, or white fields. The skull and crossbones design was first used about 1700 when the French pirate Emanuel Wynne raised it in the Caribbean. He made his flag more fearsome with an hourglass to warn his vic- tims that time was running out. The flag of Captain Richard Worley was the more typical death head and crossed bones. Captain Edward England’s black flag also had the common skull and crossbones. After the British Navy drove Captain En- gland from the Caribbean in 1718, he terrorized African wa- ters. Captain Charles Johnson (possibly a nom de plume of the Capt. Edward England. English journalist Daniel Defoe) Plundering Pirates and Profiteering Privateers 7 characterized him in A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates, written in 1724: “He had a good Nature and was al- ways averse to the ill Usage Prisoners received.” But Cap- tain England’s unusual kind- ness proved his undoing—he was relieved of his command by his crew for freeing a cap- tured sea captain. They ma- rooned him on the island of Mauritius, where he built a small boat and succeeded in reaching Madagascar, only to die there a beggar and a pau- per. Capt. John “Long Ben” Avery. Captain John Avery’s flag consisted of a bandana-covered skull turned sideways, with earrings and with crossed bones beneath it. At the turn of the 18th century “Long Ben”, as he was called, made the very lucky capture of the ship of India’s emperor and its vast booty. The Great Mogul’s daughter was making a pilgrimage to Mecca in Arabia, bearing rich gifts to present at the shrine of Mahomet. Captain Avery not only took a fortune in diamonds, he also married the daughter. But when he tried to sell the diamonds to merchants in Bristol, England, they robbed him and he died penniless. Captain John Rackam’s black flag shows a skull and two crossed cutlasses instead of bones. He was nicknamed “Calico Jack” for his liking for fancy trousers.