Camilla Ween Lessons from London Harvard Loeb Fellow February 2008 1 Developing a World City 2 Better integration of the River Thames 3 Planning for growth 4 Balancing new and old 5 2000 London changed! Greater London Authority Mayor Ken Livingstone 6 Greater London Authority: • Mayor’s Office • Transport for London • London Development Agency • Fire and Emergency Planning • Metropolitan Police 7 What helped change London • Greater London Authority established in 2000 • Spatial Development Strategy - London Plan • Transport for London • Congestion Charge Scheme • Major transport schemes • Role of Land Use Planning • Sustainable travel and ‘soft’ measures 8 Spatial Development Strategy 9 London Plan A coherent set of policies • Climate Change Action Plan • Waste • Noise • Biodiversity • Children’s play space • Flood • Access etc etc 10 11 Transport for London • Overground rail • Underground • Buses • Trams • Taxis • River Services • Cycling • Walking 12 Transport for London • Budget ca $15 Bn • Carries 3 billion passengers pa 13 Transport for London Steady increase in journeys (2007): • Bus up 3.6% • Underground up 4.5% • Docklands Light Rail 16% 14 Transport Strategy 15 Congestion Charge Scheme • First zone introduced 2003 • Area doubled 2007 16 16 Congestion Charging 17 17 Congestion Charge Scheme • Number-plate recognition • Central call-centre billing • Many options for paying: - Buy on the day - Text messaging - Internet 18 Congestion Charging • $16 per day (multiple re-entry) • 7.00 am to 6.00 pm • Monday to Friday • Weekends free 19 Congestion Charging Benefits: • 21 % Traffic reduction • 30% Congestion reduction in first year • 43 % increase in cycling within zone • Reduction in Accidents • Reduction in key traffic pollutants • $250m raised for improving transport 20 Congestion Charging • Public transport accommodating displaced car users • Retail footfall higher than rest of UK • No effect on property prices 21 Major Transport Schemes Being developed: • Crossrail • New tram systems • Major interchanges - e.g. Victoria • Light Transits • Thames Gateway Bridge 22 Existing station New station Surface line Tunnel Portal (tunnel entrance and exit) Regional Map Crossrail Brentwood District Shenfield Brentwood Harold Wood Redbridge LB Gidea Park Seven Romford Kings South Bucks Manor District Camden Chadwell Hillingdon LB Park LB Islington Heath Havering LB Maryland Ilford LB Ealing LB Ealing Bond Farringdon Stratford Forest Goodmayes Broadway Street Gate Taplow Burnham City of Newham LB West Ealing Westminster WhitechapelTower Hamlets Barking & Dagenham West LB LB Custom LB Slough Drayton Hanwell House Maidenhead Slough Iver Hayes & CofL Harlington Liverpool Acton Main Street Abbey Langley Line Hammersmith Paddington Southall & Fulham LB RB Isle of Wood Kensington Dogs & Chelsea Tottenham Court Rd Woolwich Royal Borough of Windsor & Maidenhead Greenwich Heathrow LB Bexley LB New Underground linking to existing overland rail services through Central London 23 September 2007 Existing station New station Surface line Tunnel Portal (tunnel entrance and exit) Key interchange Route Connections Map Luton Eurostar Gatwick DLR Thameslink Jubilee Metropolitan Hammersmith Central Hammersmith & City Forest Harold District Jubilee & City District Stratford Gate Ilford Goodmayes Romford Wood Shenfield Central Central Circle East London Hayes & Ealing Bond Maryland Manor Seven Chadwell Gidea Brentwood Taplow Slough Iver Harlington Hanwell Broadway Street Farringdon Whitechapel Park Kings Heath Park London City DLR Maidenhead Burnham Langley West Southall West Acton Paddington Tottenham Liverpool Custom Drayton Ealing Main Line Circle Court Road Street House Bakerloo Abbey Northern Circle Wood Heathrow District Central Metropolitan Isle of Woolwich Airport Hammersmith Chelsea Northern Dogs & City Hackney Central Hammersmith Jubilee Piccadilly & City DLR Stansted MaximumSeptember 2007 interchange with existing services 24 Crossrail • Cost $32 Bn Funding sources: • $10 Bn Central Government funds • $7 Bn Mayor’s London Levy • Further funds from City of London and Canary Wharf business district • Property tax along route 25 Trams 26 26 Trams • High initial investment but long life • Fast reliable journeys • High capacity • Easy access / quick boarding • Quiet • Clean 27 Trams ... Environmental benefits • Reduced traffic pollution + congestion • Electric (no direct CO2 emissions) • Recycles up to a third of own energy • Croydon tram: 4m less car trips p.a. 28 Trams.... Economic benefits Croydon Tram effect: • 10% av. drop in unemployment since 2000 • $3 Bn extra investment in local economy 29 pic TGB Designed to link deprived communities in the South to employment centres 30 30 Major Interchanges Victoria Station area . 72 m passengers p.a. Underground congestion . Bus access and congestion 31 Congestion - Poor interchange - Conflicting movement 32 33 Comprehensive solution for the wider area 34 34 35 Proposed D+C upgrade envelope D+C traction substation relocation to VSU box under Bressenden Place Improved Underground Access Western side of existing Victoria line ticket office rebuilt 36 New footbridge and unpaid link to LS retail basement New Interchange area to Victoria line New fire exits Platform widening Possible link to CrossRail 2 Chelsea Hackney line development New ticket hall and staircases Improved Underground Access 37 Improved public realm and walking environment 38 Transit • East London Transit • Greenwich Waterfront Transit • Guided buses • Bus priority • High capacity 39 Thames Gateway Bridge • Development of the Thames Gateway • Linking communities North and South of River Thames • Economic development • Access to jobs 40 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "#$$%&'!$()!*+%,')!%&$-!.(/0)1!2/$)3/4! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! .+/&15-+$!6-+!7-&,-&!8-&1#9$/$%-&!-&!! .(/0)1!2/$)3/4!*+%,'):! ! .(/0)1!2/$)3/4!7-&,-&!"/+$&)+1(%5!;)15-&1)!! <#'#1$!=>>?:! ! ! 41 ! Role of Land Use Planning • Assessing the impact of development on public transport • Mitigating impact • Developer contributions • Improvement through design • Ensuring sustainability (car parking, cycling, walking, public realm) 42 Strategic developments • Criteria for Mayoral referral: - Size - Height - Number of housing units - Use (e.g. schools, transport, hospitals, other categories) 43 Some recent applications Text 44 What is sought from development • Conformity to London Plan • Contributions for transport • Solutions through design 45 Masterplans King’s Cross • 67 Acres • Total development 7.5 m sq ft • 2000 homes • 4.5 m sq ft office use • Retail, leisure, hotel, arts and culture etc. etc. 46 47 48 Sustainable travel Soft measures • Cycling • Walking • Improving travel experience - Real time travel information - Oyster card ticketing - Travel planners - Travel information via text messaging 49 Cycling 50 Developing safe cycle environments 51 Purposeful cycle lanes.... 52 52 Dealing with cycle parking - Amsterdam 53 Integration of cycling - Copenhagen 54 Walking 55 Walkable London 56 Better use of roads... 57 Copenhagen - Transformation of car dominated street 58 59 60 De-cluttering the public realm Underground recycling bins 61 Suppressing cars Enhancing public realm 62 63 Copenhagen Main shopping street turned over to pedestrians 64 Smart cars 65 65 Clean buses 66 THANK YOU 67.