THE FORESTS OF THE CONGO BASIN State of the Forest 2013 The Forests of the Congo Basin – State of the Forest 2013 Editors : de Wasseige C., Flynn J., Louppe D., Hiol Hiol F., Mayaux Ph. Cover picture: Forest track in Central African Republic. © Didier Hubert The State of the Forest 2013 report is a publication of the Observatoire des Forêts d’Afrique centrale of the Commission des Forêts d’Afrique centrale (OFAC/COMIFAC) and the Congo Basin Forest Partnership (CBFP). http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/ - http://comifac.org/ - http://pfbc-cbfp.org/ Unless stated otherwise, administrative limits and other map contents do not presume any official approbation. Unless stated otherwise, the data, analysis and conclusions presented in this book are those of the respective authors. All images are subjected to copyright. Any reproduction in print, electronic or any other form is prohibited without the express prior written consent of the copyright owner. The required citation is : The Forests of the Congo Basin - State of the Forest 2013. Eds : de Wasseige C., Flynn J., Louppe D., Hiol Hiol F., Mayaux Ph. – 2014. Weyrich. Belgium. 328 p. Legal deposit : D/2014/8631/42 ISBN : 978-2-87489-299-8 Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. © 2014 EDITION-PRODUCTION All rights reserved for all countries. © Published in Belgium by WEYRICH ÉDITION 6840 Neufchâteau – 061 27 94 30 www.weyrich-edition.be Printed in Belgium : Antilope Printing - Lier Printed on recycled paper THE FORESTS OF THE CONGO BASIN State of the Forest 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of contributors 5 Acronyms 9 Preface 15 Introduction 17 PART 1 THE CENTRAL AFRICAN FORESTS : REGIONAL SYNTHESIS OF MONITORING INDICATORS Chapter 1 : Evolution of forest cover at a national and regional scale and drivers of change 21 Chapter 2 : The logging industry and management of natural forests : tropical timber and the forests of Central Africa in the face of market trends 47 Chapter 3 : Biodiversity conservation and management 67 PART 2 CLIMATE CHANGE IN CENTRAL AFRICA Chapter 4 : Climate change and adaptation in Central Africa : past, scenarios and options for the future 99 Chapter 5 : REDD+ : Progress and challenges 121 PART 3 FORESTED AREAS OTHER THAN DENSE HUMID FOREST Chapter 6 : The forest areas of the savannas and steppes of Central Africa 165 Chapter 7 : Agroforestry and tree domestication in Central Africa 185 Chapter 8 : Forest plantations in Central Africa : new forms of forestry to meet new business needs 197 PART 4 LAND USE IN CENTRAL AFRICA Chapter 9 : Allocation and use of forest land : current trends, issues and perspectives 215 Chapter 10 : Rural societies and multiple land use practices : perceptions of conservation and development projects within the framework of multiple land use systems in Central Africa 241 Bibliography 269 Annexes 291 List of contributors Coordination de Wasseige Carlos - OFAC * Bouka Biona Clobite - Marien Ngouabi University Bourland Nils - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech / University Text review and revision of Liège * Bousquet Mathieu - EU Louppe Dominique - CIRAD * Bouvet Alexandre - JRC-EU John Flynn - USFS/USAID Breuer Thomas - WCS * de Wasseige Carlos - OFAC * Castadot Bérénice - ATIBT Heiner Krista - USFS/USAID Cawoy Valérie - Free University of Brussels Bedoret Brigitte Cerutti Paolo Omar - CIFOR de Beauffort Dimitri – OFAC Cocquyt Christine - National Botanic Garden of Belgium Halleux Claire - OFAC Crete Philippe - FAO Dauby Gilles - Free University of Brussels Translation De Kesel André - National Botanic Garden of Belgium * Adams Paulina de Wasseige Carlos - OFAC * Delobel Grace Degrande Ann - ICRAF Vande Walle Jean-Marie - Editex Degreef Jérôme - National Botanic Garden of Belgium * Desclée Baudouin - JRC-EU * Map design Dessein Steven - National Botanic Garden of Belgium Djeukam Robinson - CEECEC Halleux Claire - OFAC Djoni Djimbi Bourges - UNOPS * Wala Alphonse – OFAC Douard Pascal - WRI de Wasseige Carlos - OFAC * Doucet Jean-Louis - University of Liège Douglas-Hamilton Iain - Oxford University Page design and settings Dupain Jef - AWF * Weyrich S.A. Endamana Dominique - IUCN de Beauffort Dimitri - OFAC Evuna Eyang Fernando - WRI de Wasseige Carlos - OFAC * Eyebe Antoine Justin - IUCN Fargeot Christian - CIRAD (France) Authors Fayolle Adeline - University of Liège * Feintrenie Laurène - CIRAD (France) Angu Angu Kenneth - IUCN * Fétiveau Judicaël Anquetil Frédéric - ATIBT Fischer Eberhard - University of Koblenz-Landau Aquino André - World Bank Fouth Obang Danièle - GIZ (Cameroon) Asaah Ebenezer - ICRAF * Gari Josep - UNDP Assembe-Mvondo Samuel - CIFOR * Giaccio Stefano - FAO Bayol Nicolas - FRM (France) * Gond Valery - CIRAD (France) Bekker Robbert - TRIDOM Goodman Lucy - UNEP - WCMC Bigombé Logo Patrice * Gourlet-Fleury Sylvie - CIRAD (France) Bile Charly - CTFC Groom Quentin - National Botanic Garden of Belgium Biloso Apollinaire - ICRAF Haarpaintner Jörg - Norut Bodin Blaise - UNEP - WCMC Habonimana Bernadette - Institut des Sciences Agronomiques Bollen An - FERN du Burundi 5 Haensler Andreas - Climate Service center (Germany) Mkankam François - University of Yaoundé Hansen Matthew - University of Maryland * Mosnier Aline - IIASA Hatcher Jeffrey Moufouma-Okia Wilfran - Met Office Hadley Centre (UK) Häusler Thomas - GAF AG Nchoutpouen Chouaibou - COMIFAC Executive Secretariat * Henschel Philipp - Panthera Ndikumagenge Cleto - FAO * Hicintuka Cyrille - Institut des Sciences Agronomiques Ndjoukam Raphael - IRAD (Cameroon) du Burundi * Ndonse Sylvestre - MPFN/FAO Hiol Hiol François - OFAC * Ngamabou Siwe René - GAF AG Jeffery Kathryn J. - ANPN Ngana Felix - University of Bangui Kaboneka Salvator - FAO, Bujumbura Ngoufo Roger - University of Yaoundé I * Kapa François - FAO Nkoua Méthode - CRDPI Karsenty Alain - CIRAD (France) * Noupa Paul - UNOPS * Kayembe François - MECNT (DRC) Ntabirorere Salvatore Kemeuze Victor Aimé - CIFOR * Ntore Salvator - National Botanic Garden of Belgium Kibambe Jean-Paul - Catholic University of Louvain Nzooh Zacharie - WWF Kiyulu Joël - IUCN * Oyono Phil René - Independant researcher RRI Yaoundé * Kongape Jean Avit - MINFOF (Cameroon) * Palla Florence - RAPAC * Konsala Souaré - University of Maroua * Peach Brown Carolyn - University of Prince Edward Island Korte Lisa - Smithsonian Institution (Canada) Kosa Védastin - MECNT (DRC) Peltier Régis - CIRAD-Upr Bsef Koy Héritier - MECNT (DRC) Pénelon Alain - EFI * Languy Marc - WWF Pennec Alexandre - CIRAD (France) Le Bel Sébastien - CIRAD (France) Poilvé Hervé - Astrium Lebanc Marine - ATIBT Pokam Wilfried - CIFOR * Lescuyer Guillaume - CIFOR/CIRAD * Rahm Mathieu - Eurosense Lewis Simon L. - University of Leeds Ringuet Stéphane - WWF Lima Ricardo Robiglio Valentina - ICRAF Lola Amani Patrick - University of Maryland Saatchi Sassan - NASA Jet Propulsion (JPL) Ludwig Fulco - Wageningen University Samndong Raymond - Norwegian University of Life Science Luhunu Sébastien - IUCN (NMBU) Lusenge Thierry - WWF Sannier Christophe - SIRS Lyn Morelli Tony - USFS (DRC) Sayer Jeffrey - James Cook University Maisels Fiona - WCS Schauerte Peter - GIZ (Cameroon) * Makak Jean Sylvestre Schmitt Antoine - PBF/GIZ Makon Samuel - GIZ (Germany) Scholte Paul - GIZ-COMIFAC * Maniatis Danae - FAO * Sembres Thomas Manzila Eric - MECNT (DRC) Shapiro Aurelie C. - WWF Maréchal Corinne - University of Liège * Sonké Bonaventure - University of Yaoundé I Marien Jean-Noël - CIRAD (France) * Sonwa Denis - CIFOR * Mayaux Philippe - JRC-EU * Steil Matthew - WRI * Mbenza Daudet - MECNT (DRC) Stevart Tariq - National Botanic Garden of Belgium Mbouna Duclaire - WRI * Stoffelen Piet - National Botanic Garden of Belgium Melet Eudeline - MAAF Tadoum Martin - COMIFAC Executive Secretariat * Melletti Mario - University of Rome * Tchoundjeu Zac - ICRAF Mertens Benoit - IRD (France) * Tessa Bertrand - WRI Meunier Quentin - DACEFI Tiani Anne-Marie - CIFOR 6 Tsalefack Maurice - University of Dschang and Yaoundé * Mabiala Lambert - CAGDF Tsanga Raphaël - CIFOR * Mahamat Hassane Idriss - Van den Broeck Dries - National Botanic Garden of Belgium Maïdou Hervé - PARPAF (CAR) * Vautrin Clarisse - FRM (France) Mane Landing - OSFAC Walters Gretchen - IUCN * Mathamale Jean Jacques - CIEDD Williamson Elizabeth A. - University of Stirling Megevand Carole - World Bank Zelazowski Przemyslaw - FAO Mermoz Stéphane - CESBIO Mortier Philippe - FRM (France) Other contributors Narloch Ulf Ngandjui Germain - TRAFFIC - Central Africa Abourotogo Rodrigue Ngoboum Lydie Altstatt Alice - University of Maryland Njoukam Raphaël - Independant consultant Bastin Didier - ALPICAM (Cameroon) Nkok Banak Ludovic - CNC-Gabon Beina Denis - University of Bangui Nzala Donatien - MEF/DGEF-COMIFAC (Congo) Bottrill Leo - WWF Ongolo Symphorien Boudzanga Georges Claver - CNIAF Pedrazzani Donata - GMV Bourbier Lucas - Astrium Pinet Camille - IGN France International Cornu Guillaume - Astrium Plancheron Françoise - ONFi / ALPICAM Creighton Ken - USAID (United States) Potapov Peter - University of Maryland Dainou Kasso - University of Liège Ramminger Gernot - GAF AG Defourny Pierre - Catholic University of Louvain * Riano Carlos - FAO Dhorne Pierre - FRM (France) Seifert-Granzin Joerg - Fundación Amigos Dorelon Philippe - INSEE de la Naturaleza–Bolivia Enßle Fabian - Albert-Ludwig University of Freiburg Sepulchre Frédéric - PBF/GIZ Fichet Louis-Vincent - SIRS Toirambe Benjamin - MECNT (DRC) * Gaugris Jérôme - FAO Tolakogadou Igor Gillet Jean-François - University of Liège Turubanova Svetlana - University of Maryland Gomez Sharon - GAF AG