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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48100 CAMP, Mark Jeffrey, 1947- PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCA OF THREE SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN,MARL DEPOSITS. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1974 Paleontology Xerox University Microfilms Ann, Arbor, Michigan 48106 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCA OF THREE SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN MARL DEPOSITS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Mark Jeffrey Camp, B.S., M.S. *;* ********* The Ohio State University 1974 Reading Committee: Approved By Professor Aurele La Rocque, Adviser Professor Stig M. Bergstrom Adviser ]/ Professor George E. Moore. Jr Department of Geology and Mineralogy Professor Charles H. Summerson ACKNOWLEDGMENTS X extend my sincere appreciation to ray adviser, Dr. Aurele La Rocque, for his help and advice during field work, laboratory preparation, and the writing of this manuscript. I also thank the Geological Survey Division, State of Michigan for permitting access to unpublished reports on the marl deposits of Michigan. My field assistants Mike Burke, Carl Hopfinger, Frank Majchszak, Chuck Nlcewonder, and Nick Valkenburg, all of the University of Toledo, deserve recognition for their help in collecting the samples. I also wish to extend my thanks to Merrell Miller of The Ohio State University for his help in identification of the ostracodes. ii VITA December 19, 1947 ......... Born -- Toledo, Ohio 1970 ...................... B.S. (Geology), University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 1970-1971 ................. Graduate Teaching Assistant, Department of Geology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio * 1971-1972 ................. National Science Foundation Trainee, Department of Geology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 1972 ...................... M.S. (Geology), University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 1972-1974 ................. Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS - "Mass Extinctions Correlated with Periodic Galactic Events." Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 81, p. 911-914, 1970 "A Review of the Growth of the Geological Sciences at the University of Toledo." The Compass, Sigma Gamma Epsilon, v. 49, p. 89-98, 1972. " Pleistocene Lacustrine Deposits and Molluscan Paleontology of Western Ohio, Eastern Indiana, and Southern Michigan." Sterkiana, n. 52, p. 1-27, 1973. " Pleistocene Mollusca of Marl Lake, St. Joseph County, Michigan (Abstr.)." Geol. Soc. America Abstracts with Program, v. 6, n. 6, North-Central Section, p. 495-496, 1974. iii FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Geology Studies in Paleontology and Paleoecology. Professor Aurele La Rocque. Studies in Pleistocene Moliuscan Paleoecology. Professor Aurele La Rocque. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................. ii VITA ............................... ill LIST OF TABLES ................................................... vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...........................................viii INTRODUCTION .................................................... 1 Nature and Purpose ........................................ 1 Location of Deposits ................................... I Method of Investigation ................ 3 Previous Work ................. 5 PLEISTOCENE GEOLOGY OF SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN ................... 7 Regional Geology ........................................... 7 Drainage History ........................................... 9 Lacustrine Deposits ........................ 10 MOLLUSCAN ECOLOGY .................................... 16 Autecology ........................................... 16 Paleoecology ............................... 61 GEOLOGY AND PALEOECOLOGY OF LITTLE GOOSE, LIME, AND MARL LAKES . 64 Little Goose Lake, Lenawee County .......................... 64 Glacial Geology ..... :................................ 64 Stratigraphic Section.. ............................... 67 v. Page Faunal Abundance ...................................... 69 Nature of the Environment ................... 71 Lime Lake, Livingston C o u n t y ....................... 82 Glacial Geology ....... 82 Stratigraphic Section ....................... 86 Faunal Abundance ...................................... 87 Nature of the Environment ..... 93 Marl Lake, Livingston County ............................... 95 Glacial Geology ............................... 95 Stratigraphic Section ................................. 99 Faunal Abundance .................................. 99 Nature of the Environment ............................. 105 MOLLUSCAN ECOLOGY OF LITTLE GOOSE LAKE ........... 108 General ......... 108 Fauna ......... 108 Depth of Water ...... 110 Bottom Sediment ............................................ Ill Water Turbulence ........................................... Ill Floral Associations .............................. Ill Faunal Associations .................... 112 DISCUSSION ........................................................ 112 CONCLUSIONS ...................................................... 123 REFERENCES CITED ........................................ 126 APPENDIX I, INDEX OF SPECIES ................................... 137 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Classic Sequence of Ancestral Lakes in the Lake Erie and Lake Huron Basins ............ 11 Table 2. Pleistocene Molluscan Fauna of Goose Lake Deposit ... 69 Table 3. Vertical Distribution of the Pleistocene Faunal Elements of the Little Goose Lake Deposit ..... 72 Table 4. Vertical Distribution of the Pleistocene Faunal Elements of the Lime Lake Deposit ....... 89 Table 5. Vertical Distribution of the Pleistocene Faunal Elements of the Marl Lake Deposit ................... 101 Table 6. Comparison of Wisconsinan and Living Aquatic Mollusks, Little Goose Lake, Lenawee County, Michigan .......................... 109 Table 7. Summary Diagram of Lithologic Distribution of Mollusca from Little Goose,- Lime, and Marl Lakes, Michigan .................................. 118 Table 8. Optimal Temperatures of Freshwater Gastropoda ....... 123 vil LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Generalized Glacial Nap of Southern Michigan ...... 2 Figure 2. Stages of Development of a Typical Marl Lake ..... 13 Figure 3. Little Goose Lake and Vicinity, Lenawee County, Michigan .......................................... 66 Figure 4. Cross Section of Shoreline and Littoral Zone, Little Goose Lake, Lenawee County, Michigan ..... 68 Figure .. 5. Lime Lake and Vicinity, Livingston County, Michigan ...................................... .. •. 84 Figure 6. Cross Section of Shoreline and Littoral Zone, Lime Lake, Livingston County, Michigan ........... 88 Figure 7. Marl Lake and Vicinity, Livingston County, Michigan .......................................... 96 Figure 8. Cross Section of Shoreline and Littoral Zone, Marl Lake, Livingston County, Michigan ........... 100 Figure 9. Comparisons of Little Goose Lake, Lime Lake, and Marl Lake Sections ............................ 117 Figure 10. Molluscan Habitats of a Typical Marl Lake ....... 122 Plate I, Vertical Distribution of Molluscan Species in the Little Goose Lake Section .................... 73 viii Page Plate II. Vertical Distribution of Molluscan Species in i the Little Goose Lake Section ................... 75 Plate III. Vertical Distribution of Molluscan Species in the Little Goose Lake Section ................... 77 Plate IV. Vertical Distribution of Molluscan Species in the Little Goose Lake Section ................... 78 Plate V. Vertical Distribution of Molluscan Species in the Lime Lake Section