DOCUMENT RESUME ED 082 627 HE 004 652 AUTHOR Noss, Richard TITLE Higher Education and Development in South-East Asia. Volume III, Part 2, Language Policy and Higher Education. INSTITUTION International Association of Universities, Paris (France).; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris (France). SPONS AGENCY Ford Foundation, New York, N.Y. PUB DATE 67 NOTE 217p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Comparative Education; Developing Nations; Educational Development; Educational History; Educational Improvement; Educational Innovation; *Foreign Countries; *Higher Education; *Language Development; *Languages; Social Development IDENTIFIERS Burma; Cambodia; Indonesia; Laos; Malaysia; Philippines; *Southeast Asia; Thailand; Viet Nam ABSTRACT This document, the second part of the third volume of a study concerned with the role of institutions of higher education in the development of countries in South-East Asia, discusses the problems aroused by language in the region. Chapters I-IV cover assumptions of the study, common problems of the region, current solutions, and future outlook. Chapters T-lar study the policy, the instruments of policy, ethnic groups and media instruction, language courses and their objectives, language-teaching resources, effects on non-language courses, and the effects on higher education in Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Viet-Nam, and the Thailand. Related documents are HE 004 673, HE 004 650, and HE 004 651.(MJM) ha 1 01. 14t S .0% {.:0,1...1h 4C ,I IN'1 TOT I Ot r4:41104A1 WIC .0h1 The development of higher education Titles in this series Published jointly by Unesco and the IAU: Access to higher education:Vol. I, by Frank Bowles (Director's report). Vol. II,National studies. Higher education and develop' .ent in South-East Asia: Vol. I:Director's report,by Howard Hayden. Vol. II:Country profiles,by Howard Hayden and the Office of the Study in Kuala Lumpur. Vol. III: Part1,High-level manpower for development,by Guy Hunter. Part 2,Language policy and higher education,by Richard Noss. Summary report and conclusions. Published by Unesco: The development of higher education in Africa. The teaching of sciences in African universities. Some othopulAcations on higher education Published by Unesco: Industrial sociology,by J. H. Smith. (Unesco, 1961. The University Teaching of Social Sciences series.) Business management,by Roger Grdgoire. (Unesco, 1966. The University Teaching of Social Sciences series.) World survey of education,Vol. IV:Higher education.(Unesco, 1966.) Asurvey of the teaching of physics at universities.(Unesco, 1966. The Teaching of Basic Sciences series.) Published by the IAU: University education and public service.(IAU, with the financial assistance of Unesco, 1959.) The interplay of scientific and cultural -.glues in higher education today. (IAU, with the financial assistance of Unesco, 1960.) The expansion of higher education.(1AU, with the financial assistance of Unesco, 1960.) Some economic aspects of educational development in Europe.(IAU, 1961.) University autonomy, its meaning today.(IAU, 1965.) 14% IAU publications are obtainable from 6. rue Franklin. Paris-I6e, higher education and odevelopment in south-east asia Volume III Part 2 Language policy and higher education by Richard Noss Unesco and the International A ssociation of Universities First published in 1967 by the United Nations Educational. Scientific and Cultural Organization. Place de Fontenoy, 75 Paris-P, and the International Association of Universities. 6, rue Franklin. 75 Paris-16. 2nd impression 1969 Printed by Georges Thone, Liege The designations employed in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of Unesco or the Secretariat of the International Association of Universities concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitations of the frontiers of any country or territory, nor do the points of view adopted by the authors, the facts stated or the opinions expressed with regard to those facts and the presentation and content of the material in general imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the Secretariat of Unesco or of the International Association of Universities. C Unesco 1967 Printed In Belgium ED.69/XVII.8a/A Preface The Study of the Role of Institutions of Higher Education in the develop- ment of Countries in South-East Asia is the second project to be carried out under the Joint Unesco-International Association of Universities Research Programme in Higher Education. This programme, which constitutes a novel form of co-operation between an intergovernmental organization and an international academic body, was brought into being at the end of 1959. Directed by a Joint Steering Committee, its purpose is to carry out under the auspices of the two organizations, with the financial support of private foundations or such other private or public bodies as may be appropriate, a series of studies of important problems affecting the organization, operation and functions of institutions of higher education in the present world. This study was set up with the co-operation and support of the Ford Foundation which generously authorized grants in the amount of $534,000 for its conduct. Work began in September 1961 and from then until April 1965 extensive inquiries were made into the actual and potential contribu- tion of higher education in the countries of South-East Asia to the achieve- ment of the goals of social and cultural development as well as its role in providing the knowledge and skills needed for their economic progress. The Director's Report of the study was published in 1966, and a series of detailed Country Profiles in 1967. The present report by Mr. Richard Noss forms the second part of a third volume, the first being a report by Mr. Guy Hunter entitled High-Level Manpower for Development. The Joint Steering Committee is indebted to all those who helped to carry out this important undertaking and most specially to the chairman of its Commission of Experts, Sir John Lockwood, Master of Birkbeck College in the University of London and former Vice-Chancellor of the University, who died suddenly on 11 July 1965. Despite other heavy commitments in the United Kingdom and Africa, he had for four years contributed selflessly to the study, travelling extensively in the region. and bringing to the planning and evaluation of the inquiries which were carried out the stimulus of the keen mind of a distinguished scholar and gifted administrator. On behalf of all who were associated with the study we here pay tribute to Sir John for his devotion to the cause of higher education and for the warm generosity of his companionship. The Committee's thanks are also due to the members of the International Commission of Experts, individually and collectively, for the advice and guidance they gave throughout the study as well as to the consultants. Messrs. Guy Hunter and Richard Noss, for the specialized knowledge and experience they brought to bear on important parts of the undertaking. The main burden of the work was inevitably borne by the directors of the study and its small staff in Kuala Lumpur, and the Committee is grateful to them for their devotion to a difficult and onerous task. Three directors each made a distinctive contribution to its accomplishment: Dr. Matta Akrawi served from September 1961 to December 1962 and was responsible. with Sir John Lockwood, for the initiation of the study and the successful conclu- sion of its first phase; Dr. R. M. Sundrum brought to the work the special skills of a political economist and statistician until March 1964; from then on the work went forward under the direction of Mr. Howard Haydena comparative educationist, he was responsible for making a synthetic analysis of the complex body of material assembled by the study. Finally, the Committee wishes to express its appreciation to the Govern- ment of Malaysia and to the University of Malaya for the special facilities afforded to the study in Kuala Lumpur and to thank them as well as the governments and university institutions of the other South-East Asian coun- tries associated with the study for their co-operation and assistance. CONSTANTINE K. ZURAYK. RENT MAHEU, President, IAU Director-General, Unesco Co-Chairmen, Unesco-lAU Joint Steering Committee Contents Foreword 11 Introduction 13 I. Assumptions of the study 15 A. Acceptance of national-language policies as fixed data 15 B. The nature of language: some terms 16 C. Structure, vocabulary and language development 18 D. Language as a dual vehicle 20 E. Language-learning processes 21 F. The nature of the university 24 II. Common problems the region 26 A. National-language development 26 B. Propagation of the national langu.,ige within the country 27 C. The role of languages of wide- communication 28 D. Language preparation of students 29 2. Language materials and teacher training 31 F. Special problems of the university 32 III. Current solutions 35 A. The policies 35 B The instruments of policy 39 C. Ethnic groups and media of instruction 41 D. Language courses and their objectives 46 E. Language-teaching resources 50 F. Effects on non-language subjects 53 IV. Future outlook 57 A. Some long-range predictions about policy 57 B. The future of international and regional communication 59 C. Prospects for national-language development 62 D. Cost factors in language policy 65 E. Research needs 69 F. New solutions to old problems 72 V. Burma 73 A. The policy 73 B. The instruments of policy 77 C. Ethnic groups 'Ind media of instruction 79 D. Language courses and their objectives 81 E. Language-teaching resources 84 F. Effects on non-language subjects 85 VI. Cambodia 90 A. The policy 90 B. The instruments of policy 93 C. Ethnic groups and media of instruction 94 D.