DISCLAIMER: This document does not meet current format guidelines Graduate School at the The University of Texas at Austin. of the It has been published for informational use only. Copyright by Manuel F. Salas Fernández 2016 The Dissertation Committee for Manuel F. Salas Fernández certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: ALBERTO HURTADO: A BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF HIS JESUIT TRAINING, 1923-1936 Committee: Matthew Butler, Supervisor Virginia Garrard-Burnett, Co-Supervisor Ann Twinam Seth W. Garfield Ricardo Cubas-R. <Member's Name> ALBERTO HURTADO: A BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF HIS JESUIT TRAINING, 1923-1936 by Manuel F. Salas-Fernández, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2016 A mis padres, A mi señora, A mis hijos Acknowledgements This work which is now in the hands of the reader is the culmination of a process that began officially in July 2009, when I was awarded a Fulbright-Mecesup2 grant to pursue my doctoral studies in the United States of America. This would not have been possible without the help of my dissertation supervisor, Dr. Matthew Butler, who provided his careful scrutiny of my writing and his wise advice. I am also grateful to Dr. Virginia Burnett, for her dedication and guidance during the years devoted to my studies. To the other members of the dissertation committee, learned professors who enriched my passage through the University of Texas at Austin program, and showed me, incidentally, that the indices that rate it as the number one program in the field of Latin America in the United States, do not provide a sufficiently broad dimension of the intellectual and human wealth that it entails. Particularly significant in this process was Dr. Ann Twinam, who guided my master’s thesis, as well as Dr. Seth Garfield and all of the members of the committee and the professors attached to the Latin America program. I am equally in debt to other professors whose lectures I attended during my passage through the Republic of Texas. Dr. Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra acted as my guide when I was taking my first steps in the world of American universities, which was so utterly unknown to me. Also to Dr. Susan Deans-Smith, Dr. James Sidbury and Dr. Antony G. Hopkins, who broadened my historiographical perspective. While not directly involved in the academic area, but indispensable to it, Marilyn E. Lehman, graduate program administrator, always so kind and well-disposed, and Jorge Salinas, of the Benson Latin American Collection, a key factor in any investigation in this area at the University of Texas. To my friends, as ever, Franz Hensel Riveros, Karin Sánchez M., María José v Afanador and Brian Stauffer among others, who contributed their understanding and advice throughout these challenging years with so much work in a state which was formerly under Spanish rule. Finally, to Marcela Dutra Mohr-Bell, of Montevideo, Uruguay, who helped me translate my work, and to whom I shall be eternally grateful. In Chile, I am indebted to the former minister of education, Mónica Jiménez, now ambassador to the Holy See; and to Roxana Pey Tumanoff, the rector of the new University of Aysén. Orlando Poblete Iturrate, who was the rector of University of Los Andes until 2012, also lent his strong support in this matter and at other difficult times. Equally, to some of the members of his team, the academic vice-rector at that time and now rector of the same university, José Antonio Guzmán Cruzat; Carmen Luz Valenzuela and Alejandro Gutiérrez, secretary general and general administrator respectively, all of whom generously facilitated my departure. In the History Institute of the University of the Andes, to which I report, to its successive directors, professors and secretaries. Also to Alexandrine de la Taille de Concha and Ricardo Cubas Ramttioti of the same Institute. They both read some of my chapters and made some invaluable suggestions. To Presbyter Samuel Fernández, who gave me access to the documentation at the San Alberto Hurtado Research Center of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Without his support, this project would not have been possible. In addition, his guide to Hurtado’s writings, Elenco cronológico de los manuscritos datados, was key to building my arguments by providing a description of a significant part of the Archive’s documents. Also to Presbyter Carlos Irarrázabal, parish priest of the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, in Providencia, who listened to me when my dissertation was nothing but an ambitious idea. In my family, to my parents-in-law, José Eduardo González Errázuriz and Pelagia vi Aldunate Correa de González for their constant support and company over the course of these years devoted to study and hard work. To all of my siblings, who cooperated by listening to me or arguing with me about Hurtado; especially my twin brother Sergio, who, while I was engaged in my doctoral studies, obtained his own Ph.D. in history in Europe, and the eldest of them, Presbyter Pedro-Félix, parish priest of the Church of the Blessed Redeemer in the diocese of San Bernardo. His erudition on ecclesiastical subjects, both historical and theological, as well as on Alberto Hurtado himself, is infinite. Finally, to my parents, to whom I owe so much more than my life. To my father, Pedro-Félix Salas Elgart (R.I.P.), a student of Alberto Hurtado’s at the Colegio San Ignacio. He was not able to see my finished dissertation, but I am confident that he would have approved of it. And to my mother, María Isabel Fernández Errázuriz de Salas, because between them they instilled in me from childhood the urge to pursue the Truth at all times. To my wife, Pelagia González Aldunte de Salas, who is aware of the effort that lies behind all this. Four wonderful children are evidence of our love; providing a strong argument in favor of the raison d’etre of our lives: Manuel Ignacio, Pelagia Isabel, Pedro-Félix and José Rafael Salas González. vii viii Abstract ALBERTO HURTADO: A BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF HIS JESUIT TRAINING, 1923-1936 Manuel F. Salas Fernández, PhD The University of Texas at Austin, 2016 Supervisor: Matthew Butler Co-Supervisor: Virginia Garrard-Burnett The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to examine the Jesuit training received by the priest Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga between 1923, when he joined the religious order, and February 1936, when he returned to Chile. Although he is the most significant representative the country has given to the Society of Jesus, and was canonized by Pope Benedict XVI in 2005, no historiographical studies have focused on this area, despite its evident importance. As we shall discuss in this dissertation, it is possible to see that the actions of this man, who is one of the most significant figures in the history of Chile, owing to the role he played during his years of public ministry, until his death in 1952, were largely determined by the context in which he lived, as well as by that imprint derived from St. Ignatius that he acquired over thirteen long years of work and study. ix x Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 I ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 II ................................................................................................................................................................ 9 III............................................................................................................................................................. 14 Chapter 1: The Ignatian Stamp ................................................................................................................... 29 I, Obedience and Ignace de Loyola ......................................................................................................... 29 II, The First Probation, the “Angel”, and the Novice Master.................................................................. 42 Chapter 2: The Novitiate Years in Chillán, and the Juniorate in Córdoba .................................................. 60 III, The Second Probation ....................................................................................................................... 60 IV, Safeguarding his Vocation ................................................................................................................ 66 V, The “Principal Experiments” ............................................................................................................. 78 VI, The Novitiate’s Vacation House ....................................................................................................... 84 VII, General Assessment of the Novitiate in Chillán .............................................................................. 87 VIII, From the Novitiate to the Juniorate ................................................................................................ 90 IX, The Years at Córdoba ....................................................................................................................... 98 Appendix Chapter 2: Crossing the Atlantic .............................................................................................