THE EMERGENCE SELF-DETERMINATION, OCCUPATION, AND WAR IN UKRAINE, 1917-1922 AND WAR OCCUPATION, SELF-DETERMINATION, THE EMERGENCE OF UKRAINE SELF-DETERMINATION, OCCUPATION, AND WAR IN UKRAINE, 1917-1922 The Emergence of Ukraine: Self-Determination, Occupation, and War in Ukraine, 1917–1922, is a collection of articles by several prominent historians from Austria, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, and Russia who undertook a detailed study of the formation of the independent Ukrainian state in 1918 and, in particular, of the occupation of Ukraine by the Central Powers in the fi nal year of the First World War. A slightly condensed version of the German- language Die Ukraine zwischen Selbstbestimmung und Fremdherrschaft 1917– 1922 (Graz, 2011), this book provides, on the one hand, a systematic outline of events in Ukraine during one of the most complex periods of twentieth- century European history, when the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires collapsed at the end of the Great War and new independent nation-states OF emerged in Central and Eastern Europe. On the other hand, several chapters of this book provide detailed studies of specifi c aspects of the occupation of Ukraine by German and Austro-Hungarian troops following the Treaty of UKRAINE Brest-Litovsk, signed on 9 February 1918 between the Central Powers and the Ukrainian People’s Republic. For the fi rst time, these chapters o er English- speaking readers a wealth of hitherto unknown historical information based on thorough research and evaluation of documents from military archives in Vienna, Freiburg, Berlin, Munich, and Stuttgart. The fi rst section of the book deals with military aspects of the German and Austro-Hungarian conquest of Ukraine in 1918, the suppression of uprisings, occupation, and retreat; it also discusses the administration of occupied territory, the economic utilization of the country, the occupying powers’ relations with the Ukrainian government, and the internal Ukrainian perspective on the Miller, Bogdan Musial, Vasyl Rasevych Bogdan Musial, Vasyl Miller, Lieb, Alexei Hannes Leidinger, Peter Kasianov, Dornik, Georgiy Wolfram occupation. The second section details developments in Ukraine between 1917 and 1922. The third section deals with the Central Powers’ policies toward Eastern Europe in general and Ukraine in particular, while the fourth and SELF-DETERMINATION, OCCUPATION, fi nal section is an analysis of the international context of Ukraine’s e orts to establish a state during this period. This book is an essential resource for AND WAR IN UKRAINE, 1917-1922 anyone interested in the history of the First World War and the modern history of Central and Eastern Europe. by Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press www.utoronto.ca/cius Wolfram Dornik, Georgiy Kasianov, Hannes Leidinger, Design and typesetting by Christine Kurys Obbema Peter Lieb, Alexei Miller, Bogdan Musial, Vasyl Rasevych The Emergence of Ukraine Self-Determination, Occupation, and War in Ukraine, 1917–1922 The Emergence of Ukraine Self-Determination, Occupation, and War in Ukraine, 1917–1922 Wolfram Dornik, Georgiy Kasianov, Hannes Leidinger, Peter Lieb, Alexei Miller, Bogdan Musial, Vasyl Rasevych Translated from the German by Gus Fagan Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press Edmonton 2015 Toronto Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press University of Alberta University of Toronto Edmonton, Alberta Toronto, Ontario Canada T6G 2H8 Canada M5T 1W5 Copyright © 2015 Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies ISBN 978-1-894865-40-1 (pbk.) Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Dornik, Wolfram, 1978-, author The emergence of Ukraine : self-determination, occupation, and war in Ukraine, 1917-1922 / Wolfram Dornik, Georgiy Kasianov, Hannes Leidinger, Peter Lieb, Alexei Miller, Bogdan Musial, Vasyl Rasevych ; translated from the German by Gus Fagan. Partial translation of: Die Ukraine : zwischen selbstbestimmung und fremdherrschaft 1917-1922. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-894865-40-1 (pbk.) 1. Ukraine--History--Revolution, 1917-1921. 2. Ukraine--History-- Autonomy and independence movements. 3. Ukraine--History--1917-. I. Kasianov, H. V. (Heorhii Volodymyrovych), 1961-, author II. Lieb, Peter, 1974-, author III. Fagan, Gus, translator IV. Title. DK508.832.D6713 2015 947.7’0841 C2015-900103-X The translation and publication of this book has been funded by a generous grant from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF Der Wissenschafsfonds), Vienna, Austria. A grant for this book has also been provided by the Canadian Foundation of Ukrainian Studies. Cover photo: Austro-Hungarian and Ukrainian soldiers on the railway, Kryvyi Rih, April 1918. (Reproduced with permission of the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed in Canada Contents List of Maps / vii List of Illustrations / viii Publisher’s Preface, Marko Robert Stech / ix Editor’s Preface, Wolfram Dornik / xiii Introduction, Wolfram Dornik / xv 1. Eastern Europe between War and Revolution, 1914–1922 / 1 1a. A Time of Troubles: Revolutionary Upheavals and Armed Conflicts in the Former Tsarist Empire, 1917–1922, Hannes Leidinger / 1 1b. The Ukrainian Policy of the Central Powers during the First World War, Peter Lieb and Wolfram Dornik / 37 2. Ukrainian Efforts at State-Building between Independence and Foreign Domination / 76 2a. Ukraine between Revolution, Independence, and Foreign Dominance, Georgiy Kasianov / 76 2b. The Western Ukrainian People’s Republic of 1918–1919, Vasyl Rasevych / 132 3. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary as Occupiers of Ukraine in 1918 / 155 3a. Military Operations, Peter Lieb and Wolfram Dornik / 155 3b. The Administration of the Occupation, Wolfram Dornik and Peter Lieb / 202 3c. Economic Utilization, Wolfram Dornik and Peter Lieb / 235 3d. The View from Within: Everyday Life during the Occupation, Vasyl Rasevych / 280 vi the emergence of ukraine self-determination, occupation, and war in ukraine, 1917–1922 4. Ukraine in International Relations in 1918 / 298 4a. Russia’s Ukrainian Policy before 1917, Alexei Miller / 298 4b. The Ukrainian Policy of Bolshevik Russia, 1917–1922, Bogdan Musial / 321 4c-e. Limits to Power: Ukraine in the Strategies of the Allied Powers, 1917–1924, Hannes Leidinger and Wolfram Dornik / 347 4f. Poland’s Ukrainian Policy, 1918–1922, Bogdan Musial / 369 Conclusion / 386 Looking Ahead: A Comparison of the Occupation Regimes of 1918 and 1941–1944, Peter Lieb, Wolfram Dornik, and Georgiy Kasianov / 386 Concluding Observations, Wolfram Dornik / 399 Appendix / 407 List of Sources / 407 Abbreviations / 419 Index / Authors / List of Maps [Page numbers following map titles refer to pages in the electronic files] Map 1: The Kerensky Offensive and the “Response” of the Central Powers, Summer 1917 (Banks, A Military Atlas of the First World War, 176; Ellis and Cox, The World War I Databook, 36ff.) [Leidinger, A Time of troubles, p. 4] / 5 Map 2: Ethnolinguistic distribution of Germans, Poles, and Ukrainians ca. 1900 (Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe, 99) [Dornik and Lieb, “The Ukrainian Policy of the Central Powers during the First World War,” p. 10] / 52 Map 3: Political borders of Ukraine, 1918 (Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe, 36, 138) [Kasianov, “Ukraine between Revolution…,” p. 1] / 78 Map 4: The Central Powers’ invasion of Ukraine, February to May 1918 (ÖStA, KA, AOK, OpAbt, Kt. 469, No. 1492; ibid., Kt. 308, Fol. 271; Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung – Kriegsarchiv, ed., Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914–1918, vol. 7, supplement 6; Reichsarchiv, ed., Der Weltkrieg, 1914–1918, vol. 13, 376–86) [Lieb and Dornik, “Military Operations,” p. 4] / 159 Map 5: The occupying powers’ administration of Ukraine, 1 November 1918 (Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung – Kriegsarchiv, ed., Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914-1918, vol. 7, supplement 27/2) [Lieb and Dornik, “Military Operations,” p. 26] / 193 Map 6: The administration of the occupation in Ukraine, mid-May 1918. (ÖStA, KA, NFA, 2. Armee, Op. AK, Kt. 308, Fol. 275) [Dornik and Lieb, “Administration of the Occupation,” p. 3] / 206 Map 7: Central Europe, 1918–23 (Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe, 126) [Musial, “The Ukrainian Policy of Bolshevik Russia,” p. 10] / 336 List of Illustrations [Page numbers following map titles refer to pages in the electronic files] Facsimile 1: Economic organization (ÖStA, KA, AOK, Ukraine Akten, Kt. 2622, Nr. 6906) [Dornik and Lieb, “Economic Utilization,” p. 13] / 255 Facsimile 2: Organization of grain export from Ukraine, German- Austro-Hungarian-Ukrainian Economic Center, Kyiv (ÖStA, KA, AOK, Ukraine Akten, Kt. 2613, Nr. 2030). [Dornik and Lieb, “Economic Utilization,” p. 14] / 257 Facsimile 3: Ukrainian exports until 30 September and in October 1918 (BArch, R 3101/1303f.) [Dornik and Lieb, “Economic Utilization,” p. 21] / 271 Figure 1: Agreed deliveries and actual deliveries (BArch, R 3101/1341. Handelsvereinigung für Getreide, Futtermittel und Saaten. Ukraine-Bericht Nr. 98 für den 31. August) / 269 Figure 2: Deliveries to the Central Powers until 16 August 1918 (ÖStA, KA, AOK, Qu. Abt., Ukraine-Bestand, Karton 2.620, Nr. 5574) / 270 Publisher’s Preface The publication of The Emergence of Ukraine: Self-Determination,