Aalborg Universitet A study of the operational strategies and organisational structures of traffickers operating the Danish and Swedish market for commercial sex Gustafsson, Daniel Marcus Sunil Publication date: 2011 Document Version Accepted author manuscript, peer reviewed version Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Gustafsson, D. M. S. (2011). A study of the operational strategies and organisational structures of traffickers operating the Danish and Swedish market for commercial sex. SPIRIT. Spirit PhD Series No. 28 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. ? 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Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: October 01, 2021 SPIRIT Doctoral Programme Aalborg University Kroghstraede 3 DK-9220 Aalborg East Phone: +45 9940 8306 Fax: +45 9815 8290 Mail: [email protected] A study of the operational strategies and organisational structures of traffickers operating the Danish and Swedish market for commercial sex Daniel Gustafsson SPIRIT PhD Series Thesis no. 28 ISSN: 1903-7783 © 2011 Daniel Gustafsson A study of the operational strategies and organisational structures of traffickers operating the Danish and Swedish market for commercial sex SPIRIT – Doctoral Programme Aalborg University Denmark SPIRIT PhD Series Thesis no. 28 ISSN 1903-7783 Published by SPIRIT & Department of Culture and Global Studies Aalborg University Distribution Download as PDF on http://spirit.cgs.aau.dk/ Front page lay-out Cirkeline Kappel The Secretariat SPIRIT Kroghstraede 3, room 3.237 Aalborg University DK-9220 Aalborg East Denmark Tel. + 45 9940 9810 Fax. + 45 9815 7887 E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://spirit.cgs.aau.dk/ A study of the operational strategies and organ- isational structures of traffickers operating the Danish and Swedish market for commercial sex Doctoral Dissertation By: Daniel Gustafsson Aalborg University Department of History, International and Social Studies Academy for Migration Studies in Denmark 2 To my parents – for always giving me their love and support and for teaching me the value of education 3 4 Acknowledgements I am grateful to Aalborg University and the Department of History, International and Social Studies for giving me the opportunity to write a doctoral dissertation. I would further like to thank my supervisors – Professor Birte Siim and Professor Ann-Dorte Chris- tensen – for giving me advice and for guiding me through the long process that is writing a disserta- tion. I would finally also like to express my gratitude towards the detective inspectors, public prosecutors and social outreach workers who kindly agreed to participate as expert informants in my study. Daniel Gustafsson 5 6 Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Issues at stake .......................................................................................................................................................13 1.2 Questions to answer ..............................................................................................................................................17 1.3 The contributions of this study ..............................................................................................................................19 1.4 Research strategy and data sources ........................................................................................................................19 1.5 Limitations of the study ........................................................................................................................................21 1.6 Summary and implications ....................................................................................................................................23 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 25 2.1 Methodological review .........................................................................................................................................25 2.1 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 25 2.1.2 The partly hidden, underground and criminal nature .......................................................................................... 27 2.1.3 Ethical consideration in the contact with victims of trafficking and sexual exploitation .................................... 29 2.1.4 Data limitations ................................................................................................................................................... 30 2.1.5 Comparative implications ................................................................................................................................... 35 2.1.6 Steps taken to improve the access and quality of the data .................................................................................. 36 2.2 The theoretical review ..........................................................................................................................................38 2.2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 2.2.2 Female trafficking as an outcome of globalisation ............................................................................................. 39 2.2.3 The migration approach of push and pull ............................................................................................................ 41 2.2.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 41 2.2.3.2 The push side of the problem ..................................................................................................................... 42 2.2.3.3 The pull side of the problem ....................................................................................................................... 47 2.2.4 Feminism, prostitution and human trafficking .................................................................................................... 48 2.2.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 48 2.2.4.2 Two schools of thought ............................................................................................................................... 48 2.2.4.3 Free vs. forced prostitution ......................................................................................................................... 49 2.2.4.4 The effect of prostitution on the female participants ................................................................................. 51 2.2.4.5 The effect of prostitution and pornography on society .............................................................................. 53 2.2.4.6 Feminism and the case of female trafficking: Debating the role of demand .............................................. 56 2.3 The empirical review ............................................................................................................................................58 2.3.1 Origin and destination of the trafficking flow ..................................................................................................... 58 3. DESIGN AND METHOD ...................................................................................................................... 65 3.1 A few words on the design of the project ...............................................................................................................65 3.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................67 3.2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 67 7 3.2.2 A Qualitative comparative case study approach ................................................................................................. 69 3.2.2.1 Why a qualitative approach? ...................................................................................................................... 69 3.2.3 The case study strategy ....................................................................................................................................... 71 3.2.3.1 In defence of case studies ..........................................................................................................................