Zootaxa 3616 (4): 325–344 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3616.4.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:351A064C-8CEC-4A85-A466-0E2F139856BB Family-group names in the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)—a supplement D.J. WILLIAMS Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. E-mail [email protected] Abstract Williams (1969) published a list of the family-group names in the Coccoidea (scale insects) recognised at that time. The present paper supplements this earlier list and includes all nominal genera that have had family-group names based on them, including those in the earlier paper, in case it is not readily available to some workers. Nominal genera and their family-group names are listed alphabetically in catalogue form. There are now 49 families generally recognised in the scale insects, of which 16 are only known as fossils. Furthermore, 180 nominal genera have now had family-group names based on them. As stated in the 1969 list, all categories in the family group are deemed to be of co-ordinate status in no- menclature. Key words: archaeococcoids, neococcoids, ranks, genera Introduction The following list of family-group names in the superfamily Coccoidea or scale insects is a supplement to the earlier list in Williams (1969). When the first list was compiled, most scale insect workers recognised fewer than 20 extant families. This figure has now risen to 33 with the newest addition Rhizoecidae as shown in the database of scale insects (Ben-Dov et al. 2012). Furthermore, the total excludes 16 families only known from fossils that have been described in recent years, so the total of all families is now 49. Moreover, a little over 100 of the nominal genera listed in Williams (1969) had family-group names based on them; there are now 180 in the present list. There are probably far too many families for a group the size of the scale insects. In recent years, there have been many developments in the study of scale insects. It was shown by Koteja (1974, a, b) from studies based on the mouthparts, that many of the subfamilies and tribes established in the family Margarodidae (sensu Morrison, 1928), should be raised to distinct family level. Some later phylogenetic studies based on morphological and molecular data (Hodgson, 2002; Cook et al. 2002; Gullan & Cook, 2007; Hodgson & Foldi, 2005, 2006) have shown that Koteja’s action was justified. A new extinct family Naibiidae Shcherbakov and the subfamily Naibiinae based on the nominal genus Naibia Shcherbakov, described by Shcherbakov (2007) and purporting to be a scale insect stem group, is so far excluded because the position and relationships of the family to scale insects is uncertain (Gullan & Cook, 2007). At present, the scale insects are divided into two major informal groups, the archaeococcoids and the neococcoids. These names are not formally recognised using the “The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature” but they were derived from the names Archaeococcoidea and Neococcoidea of Bodenheimer (1953). Borchsenius (1949) preferred the name Paleococcoidea for the archaeococcoids. Unfortunately, these names were not based on nominal genera. The archaeococcoids comprise the Ortheziidae, all the families elevated from the lower ranks in Morrison (1928), and some other families, mostly with a plesiomorphic sex chromosome system XX-XO (Hughes-Schrader, 1948; Yokogawa & Yahara, 2009). Based on adult male morphology, the archaeococcoid group includes many of the families only known as fossils. The neococcoids contain all the other families, mostly with a sex chromosome system based on paternal genome elimination (PGE) as discussed by Accepted by C.J. Hodgson: 23 Jan. 2013; published: 21 Feb. 2013 325 Normark (2003), Yokogawa and Yahara (2009) and Ross et al. (2010), plus a few extinct families based on morphological characters. Some workers, mostly in eastern Europe (e.g. Koteja, 1974a; Danzig, 1980) favour a classification accepting the scale insects as belonging to a suborder, the Coccinea, with the two superfamilies Orthezioidea and Coccoidea, names based on nominal genera and replacing the names archaeococcoids and neococcoids. It is not clear if workers in the other hemipteran groups, currently accepted as the superfamilies Psylloidea, Aphididoidea and Aleyrodoidea in the present suborder Sternorrhyncha, would agree with this elevation in rank and accept their study groups as suborders. Family-group ranks below those of family and subfamily are not always popular or necessary. Concepts of generic groupings are changing rapidly with new phylogenetic studies. For example, based on morphological and molecular studies by Hardy et al. (2008), it was shown that there are two subfamilies only in the family Pseudococcidae. All family-group names that had been erected in the two subfamilies of Pseudococcidae were listed by Williams & Gullan (2010). More recently, Ben-Dov (2011) has listed all the genera and species in most of the extant families of the archaeococcoids belonging to the former family Margarodidae of Morrison (1928). Recent printed catalogues of the family Diaspididae by Ben-Dov (2003) and Miller & Gimpel (2009) have listed genera and species belonging to the subfamilies Aspidiotinae, Comstockiellinae, Diaspidinae, Leucaspidinae, Odonaspidinae and Ullucoccinae without using lower ranks. Published catalogues on all the other families have used the family rank only. A recent work on the family Diaspididae (Miller & Davidson, 2005) has dealt with genera and species in strict alphabetical order with keys but without recourse to any ranks below that of family. Other taxonomic works on families in some zoogeographical regions have been published in recent years with the same approach without using ranks below that of family, and all appear to be readily usable. Some of the family- group names have already been treated as synonyms and, detailed work based on morphological and molecular studies, may show new relationships (e.g. Morse & Normark (2006) and Andersen et al. (2010)) for the family Diaspididae) so that some of the present ranks may become obsolete. The following account lists all the nominal genera that have family-group names based on them including names listed in Williams (1969). For the latter, the page reference in Williams (1969) is provided. Names of new ranks, published after the first list, are preceded by an asterisk [*]. The family name, presently accepted in the latest published catalogues and in ScaleNet (Ben-Dov et al. 2012), is added after each nominal genus together with the main groups (either archaeococcoids or neococcoids) following the phylogeny given in Gullan & Cook (2007). I have searched most of the pertinent literature published after 1969 to the end of 2012 but there may be some omissions and there is always the possibility that the list may not be complete. Some major works, published mainly in Chinese, have more precise dates of publication than is generally understood by non-Chinese workers. For instance, the work by Tang (1991) was published in April 1991, that of Tang (1992) on 31 May 1992, and the work by Tang & Hao (1995) in June 1995 (San-an Wu, personal communication). List of nominal genera and family-group names Acanthococcus Signoret, 1875. Eriococcidae (neococcoids). Williams, 1969: 318. After a proposal by Miller & Williams (1976), the family-group name Eriococcini Cockerell, 1889, was given precedence over Acanthococcidae Signoret, 1875, by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1982) (Opinion, 1203). The family-group name based on the nominal genus Acanthococcus is still available. Aclerda, Signoret, 1874. Aclerdidae (neococcoids). Williams, 1969: 318. Albicoccus Koteja, 2004. Albicoccidae (archaeococcoids). *Albicoccidae Koteja, 2004: 111. This family was described from a fossil adult male in Burmese amber. 326 · Zootaxa 3616 (4) © 2013 Magnolia Press WILLIAMS Allomyrmococcus Takahashi, 1941. Pseudococcidae (neococcoids). *Allomyrmococcini Williams, 1978: 14. *Allomyrmococcina Williams, Tang, 1992: 77. Ancepaspis Ferris, 1920. Diaspididae (neococcoids). Williams, 1969: 319. Andaspis MacGillivray 1921. Diaspididae (neococcoids). Williams, 1969: 319. Antakaspis Mamet, 1959. Diaspididae (neococcoids). Williams, 1969: 319. Anomalococcus Green, 1902. Lecanodiaspididae (neococcoids). *Anomalococcina Tang & Hao, 1995: 211, 244, 245, 623. Tang & Hao placed this subtribe in the tribe Lecanodiaspidini. Antonina Signoret, 1875. Pseudococcidae (neococcoids). Williams 1969: 319. *Antoninina Borchenius, Tang, 1992: 18. Tang placed this subtribe in the subfamily Sphaerococcinae, now Pseudococcinae. Antoninoides Ferris, 1953. Pseudococcidae (neococcoids). *Antonoidina Han, Hao, Tang & Tang, 1992: 31 (nomen nudum and misspelling). This subtribal name was placed in the tribe Sphaerococcini, subfamily Sphaerococcinae. Although the authors stated that the subtribe would be included in a key, no such key has been found so the name is without a description (San-an Wu, personal communication). Aonidia Targioni Tozzetti, 1868. Diaspididae (neococcoids). Williams, 1969: 319. Apiomorpha Rübsaamen, 1894. Eriococcidae (neococcoids). Williams, 1969: 319. Araucaricoccus Brimblecombe 1960: 183. Steingeliidae (archaeococcoids). *Araucaricoccini Tang & Hao, 1995: 74, 606. This was erected as a tribe of the subfamily