Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-15257-0 - Animal Camouflage: Mechanisms and Function Edited by Martin Stevens and Sami Merilaita Index More information Index acoustic crypsis, 331–336 186, 192, 193, 202, 214, 219, 238, 239, 240, addax, Addax nasomaculatus, 312 241, 245, 246, 248, 260, 261, 265, 266, 275, African hunting dog, Lyacon pictus, 311 299, 300, 307, 309, 314, 321, 338, 342 African linsang, Poiana richardsoni, 311 compromise background matching, 22, 23 Allocyclosa bifurca, 258 compromise strategy, 7 alpine grasshopper, Kosciuscola tristis, 244 general protective resemblance, 7 Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis, 314 specialisation–compromise continuum, 22, 29 American badger, Taxidea taxus, 303 specialist strategy, 7 angelfish, Centropyge bicolor, 200 banded palm civet, Hemilagus derbyanus, 309 angelfish, Pomacanthidae, 198, 199 bark beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugata, 345 angelfish, Pygoplites diacanthus, 200 bark beetle, Ips pini, 339 anglerfish, Antennariidae, 193 barracuda, Sphyraena helleri, 205 Angolan black-and-white colobus, Colobus bats, 129, 312, 331, 332, 335 angolensis, 307 constant absolute target direction strategy Antarctic minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, (CATD), 129 314 behavioural orientation, 114 apatetic coloration, 81, See background matching 102, 113, See also behaviourally mediated Apis mellifica, 262 crypsis aposematism, 4, 227, 230, 242, 259, 298, 299, 300, behaviourally mediated crypsis, 101, 245 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, decoration, See decoration 312, 321 disruptive coloration, 113 apostatic selection, 24 habitat choice, See habitat choice Arabidopsis thaliana, 287 human predator system, tests using, 112 arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, 244 in moths, 102–103 arctic fox, Alopex lagopus, 312 orientational behaviour, 101, 114 arctic hare, Lepus arcticus, 312 bell miner, Manorina melanophrys, 334 Argiope aetherea, 255 beluga, Delphinapterus leucas, 313 Argiope aurantia, 256 biology, 3, 4, 150, 186, 221, 261, 267 Argiope bruennichi, 259 bioluminescence, 3, 188, 205 Argiope keyserlingi, 255 Biston robustum, 338 Argiope mascordi, 257 black bear, Ursus americanus, 312 Argiope versicolor, 257 black lemur, Eulemur macaco, 305 art, vi, 4, 11, 63, 87, 91, 92, 98 black pacarana, Dinomys branickii, 308 Asiatic black bear, Ursus thibetanus, 307 blackbuck, Antilope cervicapra, 306, Atlantic humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, 307 314 black-footed cat, Felis nigripes, 310 Atlantic white-sided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus black-footed ferret, Mustela nigripes, 304 acutus, 313, 314 black-shouldered possum, Caluromysiops irrupta, 306 background matching, 5, 6, 7–8, 9, 17–30, 34, 39, black-tailed jackrabbit, Lepus californicus, 311 49, 54, 56, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 74, 81, 89, 92, black-tufted-ear marmoset, Callithrix penicillata, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 111, 113, 114, 136, 305 147, 150, 151, 152, 158, 168, 169, 170, 178, blennies, Blenniidae, 193 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-15257-0 - Animal Camouflage: Mechanisms and Function Edited by Martin Stevens and Sami Merilaita Index More information 352 Index blue jays Cyanocitta cristata, 8, 23, 102 common tenrec, Tenrec ecaudatus, 301 bontebok, Damaliscus pygargus, 306, 307, 310 complementary colours, 200 braconid parasitoid, Coeloides vancouverensis, 345 compromise coloration, See background matching, brush-tailed possum Trichosurus vulpecula, 311 compromise Brush, George de Forest, 91 computer science, 4, 9 buffy-tufted-ear marmoset, Callithrix aurita, 305, computer vision, 73 311 camouflage assessment and design, 73 bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, 245 camouflage breaking, 73, 74, 77, 80, 81, 84, 165 Burchell’s zebra, Equus burchelli, 309 convexity detection, 77–78 butterflies, 24 neuronal implementation, 80 butterflyfish, Chaetodontidae, 198 countershading, 82–83 operators for detection of convex domains, 74–77 camouflage conspicuousness, 321 history of, 3–4 costs of camouflage, 66, 212, 223, 245 camouflage officer, 87 Cott, Hugh, 3, 34, 35, 53, 56, 64, 248 candy-stripe spider, Enoplognatha ovata, 259 cotton-topped tamarin, Saguinus oedipus, 305 Cape buffalo, Syncerus caffer, 301 counter-illumination, 206 carotenoids, 260 countershading, 3, 5, 9, 28, 42, 49, 53–68, 73–84, Catocala moths, 8 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 97, 98, 99, 191, 202, 239, cephalopods, 1, 18, 145, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152, 299, 300, 307, 313, 321 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 166, 180, 189, body outline obliteration, 66 237, 240, 245, 248 concealing function of, 59–66 body patterns, categories of duck decoys, 88, 89, 90, 95 Mottle vs. Disruptive, 151–152 flattening hypothesis, 64 See also disruptive coloration; cuttlefish in Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis, 58 deceptive resemblance, 150 in eyed hawkmoth Smerinthus ocellata, larvae, See also masquerade. 59, 62, 63, 65 disruptive function, 151 in grey squirrels Sciurus carolinensis, 63 flounder mimicry, 158 in mammals, 58 general background match, 150 in primates, 58 masquerade and mimicry, 157–158 luminescent countershading, 74 flounder mimicry, 158 obliterative shading, 3, 9, 28, 53, 56 night camouflage, 159 optical flattening, 64 pattern control, feature detection for, 152–156 posture and level of contrast, 58–59 colourblind camouflage, 154–155 protection from abrasion, 67 skin, light sensing in, 156 protection from UV, 66 skin, 156–157 self-shadow concealment, 6, 9, 28, 54, 56, 62, 67, specific background match, 150 74, 78, 314 chameleons, 1, 18, 239, 241, 246, 247 Venus de Milo, 95 cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, 311 thermoregulation, 67, 323 chemical background matching, 338 crab spiders, 260, 275, 276, 287 chemical camouflage, 336–342 crested rat, Lophiomys imhausi, 301 chemical mimicry, 336 cricket, Telerogryllus oceanicus, 344 Chilean dolphin, Cephalorhynchus eutropia, 315 cuttlefish, 146, 164, 237, 241, 246 chimpanzee, Pan trogolodytes, 305 body patterns, categories of, 147 chiru, Panthlops hodgsoni, 310 Uniform, Mottle and Disruptive (UMD), 146, chromatophore, 237, 245 147, 150, 160 coevolution, 275, 284, 332 body patterns, categories of, 167 colour change, 19, 217, 227, 231, 237–249, 254, Disruptive pattern, 152, 153, 157, 170, 260, 261, 268, 313 177 rapid adaptive camouflage, 145, 157, 159 papillae expression, 154, 178 visual sampling rule, 147 pattern control, edge information, role of, 170 colour mixing, 201 pattern control, feature detection for colour space, 37, 38 contrast, role of, 153 Commerson’s dolphin, Cephalorhynchus Cyclosa argenteoalba, 258 commersonii, 313, 314 Cyclosa confusa, 258 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-15257-0 - Animal Camouflage: Mechanisms and Function Edited by Martin Stevens and Sami Merilaita Index More information Index 353 Cyclosa ginnaga, 259 European mantid, Mantis religiosa, 7 Cyclosa mulmeinensis, 258 European marten, Martes martes, 306 evolving backgrounds, See live backgrounds Dakin, William, 55, 56, 93 Dall’s porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli, 314 feather-tailed possum, Distoechurus pennatus, 304 Dall’s sheep, Ovis dalli, 312 fennec, Vulpes zerda, 312 damselfish, 194, 199 ferret badgers, Melogale, 302 Darwin, Charles, 3 fiddler crab, Uca vomeris, 243 Darwin, Erasmus, 3, 7 figure–ground segregation, 18, 165, 180 dazzle camouflage on ships, 3 fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus, 314 De Brazza’s monkey, Cercopithecus neglectus, flatfish, 18, 193, 239, 241, 248 305 flavonoids, 340 decoration, 11, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, flicker-fusion camouflage, 10, 11 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, flounder, 193 231, 232, 256, 257, 258, 268 fluorescence, 265 decorator crabs, Majoidea, 212–232 fork-marked dwarf lemur, Phaner furcifer, 304 Derby’s eland, Taurotragus derbianus, 310 four-eyed opossum, Philander opossum, 311 Dictyota menstrualis, 220, 223 Fraser’s dolphin, Lagenodelphis hosei, 314 dik-dik, Madoqua kirkii, 306 fringe-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus, 331 disruptive coloration, 5, 8, 9, 10, 26, 27, 34, 37, 101, frogfish, Antennarius commerson, 193 113, 186, 219, 239, 298, 299, 304, 307, 314, 321, 342 Galapagos penguins, 19 coincident disruptive coloration, 9, 34, 43, 45, 47, game theory, 276, 288 48, 49, 50 garden dormice, Eliomys sp., 304 constructive shading, 151 Gasteracantha cranciformis, 256 differential blending, 27, 35, 36, 38, 48, 49, 50, gemsbok, Oryx gazella, 306, 310 151 Geoffroy’s cat, Felis geoffroyi, 311 maximum disruptive contrast, 151, 169 Geoffroy’s marmoset, Callithrix geoffroyi, 305, object recognition, 34, 50, 170, 180, 181, 240, 311 241 giant anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, 303 pictorial relief, 151 giant flying squirrel, Petaurista alborufus, 307 distastefulness, 219 giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, 304 distractive markings, 5, 10–11, 28, 97, 98, 242, 259, giant tree rat, Mallomys sp., 307 298, 299, 309, 312 giant wood spider, Nephila pilipes, 260 domestic chicks Gallus gallus domesticus, 10 gibbon, Hylobatidae, 306 dottyback, Pictichromis, paccagnellae, 200 gobies, Gobiidae, 193 Douclangur, Pygathrix nemaeus, 310, 316 golden-rumped elephant shrew, Rhynchocyon cirnei, dragonflies, 128, 129 311 Drosophila melanogaster, 255 goral, Naemorhedus goral, 310 dusky dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obscurus, grasshoppers, 22, 24, 53, 276 314 great tit, Parus major, 23 dwarf lemurs, Cheirogalidae, 304 greater glider, Petauroides volans, 312 dwarf minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Grevy’s zebra, Equus grevyi, 309 314 grison, Galictis vittata, 306 grivet, Chlorocebus aethiops, 306 eland, Taurotragus oryx, 311 guereza, Colobus guereza, 306 electric