Journal of the British Interplanetary Society VOLUME 71 NO.12 DECEMBER 2018 General interstellar issue SOLAR SYSTEM ESCAPE MISSION WITH SOLAR SAIL SPACECRAFT within a framework of post-Newtonian Gravitational Theory Olga L. Starinova & Irina V. Gorbunova DO ALIEN CIVILISATIONS EXIST? Derek Pugsley HEAT TRANSFER IN FUSION STARSHIP Radiation Shielding Systems Michel Lamontagne THE HALO DRIVE: FUEL-FREE RELATIVISTIC PROPULSION of large masses via recycled boomerang photons David Kipping INDEX Volume 71, 2018 www.bis-space.com ISSN 0007-084X PUBLICATION DATE: 28 FEBRUARY 2019 Submitting papers International Advisory Board to JBIS JBIS welcomes the submission of technical Rachel Armstrong, Newcastle University, UK papers for publication dealing with technical Peter Bainum, Howard University, USA reviews, research, technology and engineering in astronautics and related fields. 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Registered Charity No: 250556. Printed by Latimer Trend & Company Ltd, Estover Road, Plymouth, PL6 7PY, England. © 2018 British Interplanetary Society. No part of this magazine may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording by any information storage or retrieval system without prior permission from the Publishers. CONTENTS VOLUME 71 NO.12 DECEMBER 2018 438 SOLAR SYSTEM ESCAPE MISSION WITH SOLAR SAIL SPACECRAFT within a framework of post-Newtonian Gravitational Theory Olga L. Starinova & Irina V. Gorbunova 443 DO ALIEN CIVILISATIONS EXIST? Derek Pugsley 450 HEAT TRANSFER IN FUSION STARSHIP Radiation Shielding Systems Michel Lamontagne 458 THE HALO DRIVE: FUEL-FREE RELATIVISTIC PROPULSION of large masses via recycled boomerang photons David Kipping 469 INDEX Vol 71, 2018 OUR MISSION STATEMENT The British Interplanetary Society promotes the exploration and use of space for the benet of humanity, connecting people to create, educate and inspire, and advance knowledge in all aspects of astronautics. JBIS Vol 71 No.12 December 2018 437 JBIS VOLUME 71 2018 PAGES 438–442 SOLAR SYSTEM ESCAPE MISSION WITH SOLAR SAIL SPACECRAFT within a framework of post-Newtonian Gravitational Theory OLGA L. STARINOVA, IRINA V. CHERNYAKINA, Samara National Research University, Samara, 443086, Russian Federation. Email [email protected] The motion of the spacecraft with a solar sail under the action of the force of gravity of the Sun and the force of light pressure is considered. The force of gravity can be described in terms of the post Newtonian field theory of gravitation. We suppose that the solar sail has a planar and perfectly reflecting surface, the normal to the sail’s surface lies in the plane of motion, and the spacecraft has a planar heliocentric orbit. We consider the problem of achieving the spacecraft maximum total energy at a given time of flight. The initial phase coordinates of the spacecraft are the averaged heliocentric coordinates of the Earth. The spacecraft control is performed by changing the pitch angle between the normal vector to the surface of the solar sail and the radial direction. An optimal control is obtained in an analytical form using the Pontryagin’s maximum principle, under the assumption, that the plane of the movement of the spacecraft is normal to the axis of rotation of the Sun. Keywords: Interstellar Mission, Solar Sail Spacecraft, Post-Newtonian Gravitational Theory 1 INTRODUCTION Dachwald [1, 2] show, that when spacecra is performing such a maneuver, there are sectors where the spacecra is moving Flight to the stars is the most exciting and fascinating chal- near the rotating gravitating body (the Sun) and the spacecra lenge for modern and possibly future aerospace science and velocity becomes comparable with the speed of light (up to 0.1 technology. Interstellar missions using chemical or even elec- c). In this case, the search for optimal control and modeling of tric propulsions require such high launch speeds and an enor- the movement should be carried out within the framework of mous huge amount of fuel, which is not provided by modern the post-Newtonian theory of gravity. e force of gravity can spacecra and rocket vehicles. But even if these requirements be described in terms of the post Newtonian eld theory of are met, ight to the nearest star system will last hundreds of gravitation, in the same way as in the works of Kezerashvili and years. Using solar sail spacecra is one of the real opportuni- Vázquez-Poritz [3, 4]. ties to perform interstellar ights in an acceptable time. e advantage of a solar sail spacecra is the lack of fuel that in- In order to gain the maximum cruise speed, the solar sail creases the payload in comparison with a jet propulsion space- should approach as close as possible to the Sun. For instance, a cra. e disadvantage of a solar sail spacecra is the depend- recent study [5] shows that aer sail deployment from parabolic ence of its acceleration on the distance to the Sun: the farther orbit with 0.1 AU perihelion, a 937 m radius beryllium hollow from the Sun, the less is the pressure of sunlight and, thereby, body solar sail with a sail mass of 150 kg and a payload mass of the acceleration of the sail. Beyond the solar system, the pres- 150 kg reaches the inner Oort Comet Cloud at 2550 AU in 30 sure of sunlight and, accordingly, the eciency of the solar years. In Refs. [1, 2, 5-9] it is shown that in order to achieve the sail will approach to zero. In addition, the eciency of a solar maximum distance from the Sun in a minimum time, the solar sail depends on the sail loading (areal density), which is the sail must pass at a distance of less than 0.1 AU from the Sun. total mass of spacecra divided by the sail area. e smaller For example, the trajectory of the solar probe was presented in this ratio, the greater the acceleration due to the force of light Ref.