Canada Lynx Assessment Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife Research and Assessment Section Bangor, ME 04401 Jennifer Vashon, Scott McLellan, Shannon Crowley, Amy Meehan and Ken Laustsen1 July 2012 1Maine Forest Service , Augusta, Maine MDIFW Canada Lynx Assessment TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 8 NATURAL HISTORY....................................................................................................... 9 Description............................................................................................................ 9 Distribution.......................................................................................................... 10 Food Habits ........................................................................................................ 11 Population Cycles............................................................................................... 13 Population Densities........................................................................................... 14 Habitat Use......................................................................................................... 15 Home Range ...................................................................................................... 16 Reproduction and Reproductive Behavior .......................................................... 17 Mortality.............................................................................................................. 19 Kitten Survival..................................................................................................... 21 Dispersal and Long Distance Movements .......................................................... 21 Social Interactions .............................................................................................. 22 Disease .............................................................................................................. 23 Limiting Factors .................................................................................................. 24 MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................ 28 Bounties ............................................................................................................. 28 State Management and Monitoring Efforts ......................................................... 28 Federal Status .................................................................................................... 35 Incidental Catch.................................................................................................. 38 Lawsuits ............................................................................................................. 42 HABITAT ....................................................................................................................... 43 Overview ............................................................................................................ 43 Past Habitat........................................................................................................ 45 Presettlement........................................................................................... 45 European Settlement ............................................................................... 46 Forest Inventories (1959-2003)................................................................ 47 Current Habitat ................................................................................................... 50 Future Habitat..................................................................................................... 53 POPULATION ............................................................................................................... 56 Overview ............................................................................................................ 56 Past Populations................................................................................................. 56 Current Populations............................................................................................ 58 Future Populations ............................................................................................. 59 2 MDIFW Canada Lynx Assessment USE AND DEMAND...................................................................................................... 61 Past Use and Demand ....................................................................................... 61 Current Use and Demand................................................................................... 62 Nonconsumptive Use............................................................................... 62 Consumptive Use .................................................................................... 62 Nuisance Control ..................................................................................... 62 Use and Demand Projections............................................................................. 63 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .................................................................................. 64 LITERATURE CITED .................................................................................................... 66 3 MDIFW Canada Lynx Assessment LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1. Winter snowshoe hare densities (hares/2.5 acres) in Maine based on fecal plots (Scott 2009).................................................................................................. 14 Table 1.2. Lynx mortality (≥1 years old) and productivity (litters/adult female) in a northern Maine study area and associated hare densities in regenerating conifer sapling clearcuts (CC), and shelterwood/overstory removals (SHW/OR)...................... 18 Table 1.3. Lynx reproductive rates at the southern edge of their range, when hares are abundant, are similar to northern lynx populations........................................ 19 Table 1.4. Summary of lynx mortalities between 1999 and 2010 on a northern Maine study area........................................................................................................... 20 Table 1.5. Proportion of adult females traveling with at least one kitten in January and February and number of kittens that survived until at least February in northern Maine between 1999 and 2009. .................................................................. 21 Table 2.1. Records of the wildcat bounty in Maine did not separate lynx from bobcat. Between 1832 and 1967, the number of wildcats (lynx and bobcats) presented for bounty ranged from 61 to 1,857 with bounty payments ranging from 1.00 to 20.00 dollars...................................................................................................... 29 Table 2.2. Summary of state and federal management actions for lynx in Maine 1832 to present. ............................................................................................................ 31 Table 2.3. Summary of illegal and incidental take of lynx in Maine. ............................. 40 Table 3.1. Hierarchy of lynx habitat conditions in northern Maine. ............................... 45 Table 3.2. Estimates of past lynx habitat (acres) by biophysical region and lynx range in Maine from 1982, 1995, and 2003................................................................... 49 Table 3.3. Comparison of forest conditions (acres) in northern Maine during different forest inventory periods. .................................................................................. 50 Table 3.4. Estimates of current lynx habitat (acres) in northern Maine from 2006 Maine Forest Inventory and analysis by biophysical region. ......................................... 52 Table 4.1. Estimated adult lynx population size and acres of regenerating spruce/fir forest in 5 biophysical regions in northern Maine........................................... 58 4 MDIFW Canada Lynx Assessment LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Canada lynx (left) are distinguished from bobcats (right) by longer ear tufts and facial ruff, shorter and completely black-tipped tail, large feet, and more uniform coat color (less spotted, buff colored hind legs, grey underbelly).............. 9 Figure 1.2. Geographic range of Canada lynx from Chermundy IUCN Red List. ......... 10 Figure 1.3. Observations of lynx from historical records (1830-1998) compiled by Hoving (a), and observations documented by MDIFW staff (not including lynx telemetry observations) between 1999-2010 (b) that identified 5 northern biophysical regions (inset) best represents both past (a) and current (b) lynx primary range in Maine.................................................................................................. 12 Figure 1.4. Movements of radiocollared lynx from the Maine study area. The longest straight-line movement was 249 miles (400 km) (MDIFW unpublished data).............................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 2.1. Facsimile of a Maine bounty form to receive payment for the harvest of a wildcat. A claimant was required to complete a bounty certificate. However, the number of lynx bountied between 1832 and 1967 can not be determined from other wildcats. ............................................................................................................... 28 Figure 2.2. Lynx distribution