ENERGY POLICIES OF IEA COUNTRIES Norway 2017 Review Secure Sustainable Together ENERGY POLICIES OF IEA COUNTRIES Norway 2017 Review INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Secure Greece Sustainable Hungary Together Ireland Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic © OECD/IEA, 2017 Spain International Energy Agency Sweden Website: www.iea.org Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Please note that this publication United States is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The European Commission The terms and conditions are also participates in available online at www.iea.org/t&c/ the work of the IEA. Executive summary ...........................................................................................................9 Oil and gas ...........................................................................................................................9 Electricity system ...............................................................................................................10 Limiting carbon dioxide emissions.....................................................................................10 ONTENTS ONTENTS Key recommendations ....................................................................................................12 PART I. POLICY ANALYSIS 1. General energy policy .................................................................................................15 Country overview ...............................................................................................................15 TABLEOF C Supply and demand ...........................................................................................................16 Institutions ..........................................................................................................................20 Key policies ........................................................................................................................22 Assessment .......................................................................................................................24 Recommendations .............................................................................................................27 References ........................................................................................................................27 2. Climate change ............................................................................................................29 Greenhouse gas emissions ...............................................................................................29 Energy-related CO2 emissions ..........................................................................................30 Local air quality ..................................................................................................................33 Institutions ..........................................................................................................................33 Policies and measures ......................................................................................................34 Climate change vulnerability and adaptation ....................................................................37 Assessment .......................................................................................................................37 Recommendations .............................................................................................................39 References ........................................................................................................................39 3. Energy efficiency .........................................................................................................41 2017 Overview ............................................................................................................................41 Energy consumption by sector ..........................................................................................43 OECD/IEA, Institutions ..........................................................................................................................47 © TABLE OF CONTENTS Policies and measures ......................................................................................................47 Case study: E-mobility .......................................................................................................52 Assessment .......................................................................................................................55 Recommendations .............................................................................................................57 References ........................................................................................................................58 Further reading ..................................................................................................................59 PART II. SECTOR ANALYSIS 4. Fossil fuels ...................................................................................................................61 Upstream oil and gas sector ..............................................................................................61 Oil .......................................................................................................................................69 Natural gas ........................................................................................................................77 Coal....................................................................................................................................82 Assessment .......................................................................................................................82 Recommendations .............................................................................................................85 References ........................................................................................................................86 Further reading ..................................................................................................................86 5. Carbon capture and storage ......................................................................................87 Overview ............................................................................................................................87 Policy framework ...............................................................................................................88 International collaboration .................................................................................................89 Ongoing projects ...............................................................................................................91 CCS strategy and planned projects ..................................................................................92 Assessment .......................................................................................................................96 Recommendations .............................................................................................................97 References ........................................................................................................................97 2017 Further reading ..................................................................................................................98 6. Electricity......................................................................................................................99 OECD/IEA, © Overview ............................................................................................................................99 Supply and demand .......................................................................................................