IEA WIND 2014 Annual Report Executive Committee of the Implementing Agreement for Co-operation in the Research, Development, and Deployment of Wind Energy Systems of the International Energy Agency August 2015 ISBN 978-0-9905075-1-2 Front cover photo: Tugliq Énergie Enercon 3-MW turbine at Raglan Mine, Quebec, Canada with aurora borealis (Credit: Justin Bulota) Message from the Chair By the end of 2014, more than 370 giga- watts of wind electricity were in operation worldwide, providing 5% of the world’s elec- tricity demand, and IEA Wind member coun- tries are world leaders in this wind deploy- ment. For example, Denmark gets 39.1% of its electricity from wind, China has deployed nearly 115 gigawatts of wind energy, the Unit- ed Kingdom increased offshore capacity 22% in 2014 and Germany reached half of its 2020 offshore target of 6.5 gigawatts. Over the past decade, great strides in wind energy technol- ogy development have enabled these impres- sive deployment numbers. R&D collaboration amongst the 21 countries of IEA wind has played a major role in addressing the most dif- ficult to solve wind technology challenges; and collaboration will continue to be important as future challenges are identified and addressed. The IEA Wind Annual Report documents the activities and accomplishments of the IEA Wind mem- ber countries in 2014. The report also shows the wide breadth of research being conducted world-wide, as reflected in the thirteen IEA Wind cooperative research tasks. In 2015, IEA Wind plans to add two new research tasks, to improve wind forecasting and to take a systems approach to wind turbine design. The IEA Wind agreement is strong and increasing in membership and activities. In 2014, the govern- ment of France became the newest member and Belgium and Israel plan to become members in 2015. IEA Wind welcomes and encourages the addition of new countries as members. With vast expertise in wind research and deployment, IEA Wind countries can help accelerate wind deployment in countries that are new to wind energy or can benefit from the experience of countries that are successfully oper- ating wind plants as part of their electrical systems. IEA Wind cooperative efforts advance wind energy’s role in the world's energy supply. Continued growth in wind energy deployment will depend on solving the critical technology and deployment challenges of the future. IEA Wind countries will play an important role in developing the solutions to these challenges. Jim Ahlgrimm Chair of the Executive Committee, 2013–2015 Contents Chapter 1 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 The Implementing Agreement ........................................................................................................................... 26 IEA Wind and Research Task Reports Chapter 3 Base Technology Information Exchange – Task 11 ............................................................................................ 32 Chapter 4 Wind Energy in Cold Climates – Task 19 ......................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 5 Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power – Task 25 .................................. 39 Chapter 6 Cost of Wind Energy – Task 26 ........................................................................................................................ 43 Chapter 7 Development and Deployment of Small Wind Turbine Labels for Consumers (2008–2011) and Small Wind Turbines in High Turbulence Sites (2012–2016) – Task 27 ....................................................... 46 Chapter 8 Social Acceptance of Wind Energy Projects – Task 28 ....................................................................................... 50 Chapter 9 Mexnext: Analysis of Wind Tunnel Measurements and Improvement of Aerodynamic Models – Task 29 .......... 52 Chapter 10 Offshore Code Comparison Collabaration Continued with Correlation (OC5) – Task 30................................ 57 Chapter 11 WAKEBENCH: Benchmarking of Wind Farm Flow Models – Task 31 ............................................................ 60 Chapter 12 LIDAR: Lidar Systems for Wind Energy Deployment – Task 32 ....................................................................... 64 Chapter 13 Reliability Data: Standardizing Data Collection for Wind Turbine Reliability, Operation, and Maintenance Analyses – Task 33 ............................................................................................... 67 Chapter 14 Working Together to Resolve Environmental Effects of Wind Energy (WREN) – Task 34 ............................... 69 Chapter 15 Full-Size, Ground Testing for Wind Turbines and Their Components – Task 35................................................. 72 COUNTRY REPORTS Chapter 16 Austria .............................................................................................................................................................. 78 Chapter 17 Canada ............................................................................................................................................................. 82 Chapter 18 Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA) ..................................................................................................... 88 Chapter 19 Denmark .......................................................................................................................................................... 94 Chapter 20 The European Union/European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) ................................................................100 Chapter 21 Finland ............................................................................................................................................................108 Chapter 22 France ..............................................................................................................................................................114 Chapter 23 Germany .........................................................................................................................................................120 Chapter 24 Greece .............................................................................................................................................................126 Chapter 25 Ireland .............................................................................................................................................................128 Chapter 26 Italy .................................................................................................................................................................134 Chapter 27 Japan ................................................................................................................................................................140 Chapter 28 Republic of Korea ...........................................................................................................................................144 Chapter 29 México ............................................................................................................................................................148 Chapter 30 The Netherlands ..............................................................................................................................................150 Chapter 31 Norway ...........................................................................................................................................................156 Chapter 32 Portugal ...........................................................................................................................................................160 Chapter 33 Spain ...............................................................................................................................................................166 Chapter 34 Sweden ............................................................................................................................................................172 Chapter 35 Switzerland ......................................................................................................................................................176 Chapter 36 The United Kingdom ......................................................................................................................................180 Chapter 37 The United States ............................................................................................................................................186 APPENDICES Appendix A The Executive Committee (photo) ................................................................................................................192 Appendix B List of Executive Committee Members, Alternate Members, and Operating Agents .......................................193 Appendix C Currency Conversion Rates 2014 ..................................................................................................................196 Appendix D Abbreviations and Terminology ......................................................................................................................197 IEA Wind 3 1 Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction This IEA Wind 2014 Annual Report documents (IEA Wind 1995–2013), are Wind generation met close to 5% of the contains chapters from