UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Katja Berčič Mentor: red. prof. dr. Jurij Kunaver Somentor: as. dr. Zvonimir Bratun Lektor: univ. dipl. slav. Simona Zupanc OBRAMBNOGEOGRAFSKO VREDNOTENJE SPODNJEGA DELA LJUBLJANSKE KOTLINE Diplomsko delo Ljubljana, september 2003 KAZALO A. VSEBINSKO KAZALO I. UVOD ..................................................................................................................1 II. METODOLOŠKO-HIPOTETIČNI OKVIR .....................................................2 1. OPREDELITEV PREDMETA ..................................................................................2 2. OPREDELITEV CILJA ............................................................................................2 3. HIPOTEZE ................................................................................................................2 4. METODOLOŠKI OKVIR .........................................................................................3 5. POSEBNOSTI IN OMEJITVE .................................................................................3 6. ZGRADBA DIPLOMSKEGA DELA .......................................................................5 7. OPREDELITEV TEMELJNIH POJMOV ................................................................5 7.1. Geografski prostor ..............................................................................................5 7.2. Zemljišče ............................................................................................................6 7.3. Relief ..................................................................................................................6 7.4. Geografske ovire in pregrade .............................................................................6 7.5. Bojno delovanje ..................................................................................................7 7.6. Smer delovanja ...................................................................................................7 7.7. Manever ..............................................................................................................7 7.8. Baza ali temeljišče za bojna delovanja ...............................................................7 7.9. Bojišče ................................................................................................................8 7.10. Vojaškogeografsko težišče in objekt ................................................................8 7.11. Prehodnost, tankovska prehodnost ...................................................................8 7.12. Prometna smer ..................................................................................................9 7.13. Razodnost .........................................................................................................9 7.14. Osamelec ..........................................................................................................9 7.15. Regionalizacija .................................................................................................9 III. VSEBINA ..........................................................................................................10 1. SPLOŠNI GEOGRAFSKI DEJAVNIKI SPODNJEGA DELA LJUBLJANSKE KOTLINE ...............................................................................................................10 1.1. Poimenovanje območja .......................................................................................10 1.2. Omejitve in geografski položaj območja ............................................................10 1.3. Meje proučevanega območja...............................................................................12 1.3.1. Naravno geografske meje ............................................................................12 1.3.2. Družbeno geografske meje...........................................................................13 1.4. Oblika in velikost spodnjega dela Ljubljanske kotline .......................................13 2. OPREDELITEV FIZIČNOGEOGRAFSKIH DEJAVNIKOV SPODNJEGA DELA LJUBLJANSKE KOTLINE.....................................................................................13 2.1.Geološke značilnosti ............................................................................................13 2.1.1. Splošne geološke značilnosti........................................................................13 2.1.1.1. Ljubljansko polje ............................................................................................. 14 2.1.1.2. Ljubljansko barje ............................................................................................. 15 2.1.2. Tektonski prelomi........................................................................................15 2.1.3. Geološka zgradba in razprostranjenost kamnin in učinki na obrambno- geografske značilnosti .................................................................................17 2.1.3.1. Predkvartarne plasti ........................................................................................ 17 2.1.3.2. Kvartarne plasti ............................................................................................... 17 2.1.4. Ocena posledic potresa na območju Ljubljane..............................................20 2.1.4.1. Opis pričakovanih potresnih učinkov ............................................................. 21 2.2. Reliefne značilnosti.............................................................................................23 2.2.1. Tipi reliefa...................................................................................................25 2.2.2. Vertikalna členitev reliefa............................................................................25 2.2.3. Reliefne oblike ............................................................................................25 2.2.4. Naklonski razredi.........................................................................................26 2.2.5. Ekspozicije ..................................................................................................27 2.2.6. Sklep ...........................................................................................................28 2.3. Podnebne in vremenske značilnosti ....................................................................28 2.3.1. Temperature...................................................................................................29 2.3.2. Padavine ........................................................................................................31 2.3.3. Oblačnost in megla ........................................................................................32 2.3.4. Veter..............................................................................................................33 2.3.5. Vojaškoobrambni pomen vremenskih razmer .................................................34 2.3.6. Sklep..............................................................................................................36 2.4. Hidrografske značilnosti .....................................................................................37 2.4.1. Poplave..........................................................................................................39 2.4.2. Podtalnica ......................................................................................................40 2.4.3. Obrambnogeografski učinek vodotokov .........................................................42 2.4.4. Sklep..............................................................................................................44 2.5. Prsti......................................................................................................................45 2.5.1. Splošne pedološke značilnosti ........................................................................45 2.5.2. Vojaškoobrambna vrednost tal .......................................................................45 2.6. Obrambnogeografski učinki rastja ......................................................................50 2.6.1. Značilnosti vegetacije.....................................................................................50 2.6.2. Učinki na prehodnost .....................................................................................51 2.6.3. Sklep..............................................................................................................55 2.7. Tankovska prehodnost.........................................................................................55 2.7.1. Urbane površine.............................................................................................57 2.7.2. Sklep..............................................................................................................57 3. OPREDELITEV DRUŽBENOGEOGRAFSKIH DEJAVNIKOV SPODNJEGA DELA LJUBLJANSKE KOTLINE .........................................................................60 3.1. Demografski dejavnik .........................................................................................60 3.1.1. Obrambnogeografski pomen prebivalstva.......................................................60 3.1.2. Obrambnogeografski pomen naselij ...............................................................62 3.1.2.1. Funkcijska zgradba Ljubljane.......................................................................... 62 3.2. Kulturna dediščina in njeno varovanje pred vojnim delovanjem........................65 3.3. Kmetijske značilnosti ..........................................................................................66