ABSTRACT BOOK Australian Historical Association “Ghans” And “Turks”: Reports Of And Responses To The Battle Of Broken Hill Paul Adams Australian Polytechnic Institute No Great War combat took place on Australian soil, but there was a deadly military engagement in far western NSW. On 1 January 1915, two “Turks” were killed after having shot and killed four people and injured many others, mainly holiday picnickers. “The Battle of Broken Hill” provoked many reactions, and has been recounted and interpreted ever since. In this paper, the reports and responses are reassessed by considering one crucial piece of evidence, the supposed suicide notes left by the murderous jihadis. The reconsideration changes the complexion of the incident and the nature of the reactions, then and since. ‘I Have Got To Be A “Bird In The Bush” So That I Will Not Have To Go To The War’: Protest And Conflict On The Australian Home Front Karen Agutter University of Adelaide During WWI Australian men were not conscripted, Italians living here were not afforded the same respect; over 500 were forcibly repatriated to serve in the Italian Army. Consequently many went into hiding to avoid detection, others posted flyers and distributed leaflets. Protest meetings were closely observed and Italian clubs searched. Italian women petitioned parliament and legal wrangles progressed to the Supreme Court. Ultimately their protests would be thwarted by force as the authorities used military and state police raiding homes and workplaces, arresting and transporting Italians at gunpoint. This paper will consider this little known example of home front conflict. A Band Of Brothers: War Journeys From The Pacific Safua Akeli When the First World War broke out in 1914, four brothers answered the call and enlisted in the Australian Imperial Forces. They were Frederick Kenneth Allen, Robert Houghton Allen, Thomas Meredith Allen and Ernest Tanumafili Allen. The Allen brothers were born in Apia, Samoa to Captain Ernest Frederick Hughes Allen, Director of The Samoa Shipping and Trading Company Limited, and Maria Miller-Meredith. All four brothers were associated with the company before their enlistment. This paper retraces their war journeys from the Pacific to the European theatre of war, and back home. Searching For Home: White South African Child Migrants' Belonging In Multicultural Queensland Brady Albrand University of Southern Queensland Histories of migration in Australia have generally focussed on the experiences of visibly different migrants. Many non-visibly different migrants are nonetheless culturally and linguistically diverse, and must negotiate cultural differences. This paper investigates the oral histories and memories of non-visibly different migrants from South Africa, who now reside in Queensland. It draws on a series of 6 extended interviews with child migrants to Australia from 2001 to 2011. The paper investigates how white South African migrants experience multiculturalism and interculturality, and explores their sense of belonging in the white majority. 'Neck Chaining Has Not A Pleasant Sound To It': Western Australian Responses To International Condemnation, 1880 - 1907 Malcolm Allbrook Australian National University The grant of responsible government to Western Australia in 1890 came with a major qualification when the Crown insisted on retaining control of Aboriginal affairs. This official lack of confidence in Western Australia’s ability to protect Aboriginal populations was the culmination of years of international and domestic condemnation, focussing on allegations of virtual slavery and specifically the use of neck chains. The efforts of the Western Australian government to counter this criticism through the first Chief Protector of Aborigines Henry Prinsep paved the way for increasingly assertive ‘home grown’ solutions aimed at complete regulation of Aboriginal populations throughout the state. Sacred Marriage And Sacred Prostitution: Polemical Misunderstandings In Greek Historiography And Beyond Eva Anagnostou-Laoutides1, Michael Charles Monash University1 Our paper compares Herodotus’ representation of the oriental customs of ‘sacred marriage’ and ‘sacred prostitution’ with relevant passages in (e.g.) Xenophon, Diodorus and Strabo. We will argue two things: (i) that Herodotus does not exhibit bias against the Babylonians. His reading is, in fact, close to that of Xenophon, notable for his sympathetic views towards Near-Eastern cultures; (ii) that modern scholars have uncritically accepted the views of later historians, such as Strabo and Diodorus, who systematically misread Herodotus. There is, no real polemic between Herodotus and Xenophon – a fact which allows us to appreciate the orientalism of later Greek historians, and misunderstandings of modern scholars who uncritically conflate their views. A War In Words: The Characterization Of Marcus Antonius In Cicero's Second Philippic David Andersen University of Queensland Months after the assassination of Julius Caesar a new battle erupted, a battle between Caesar’s self-appointed successor Mark Antony and Cicero, the great statesman of the Republic. This was a battle between two giants, fought not with the sword, but with the written and the spoken word. The Second Philippic, one of Cicero’s greatest set pieces of political invective was delivered to denigrate the character of Antony completely, thereby dismantling his support in the senate. In the Second Philippic Cicero wielded the moral weapons of sex and the consumption of alcohol and luxury to an extraordinary degree. Pacifying Stage-Plays: Explaining The Prevalence Of Indigenous Executions On The South Australian Frontier, 1836-1862 Steven Anderson University of Adelaide Twenty-three indigenous people were executed in South Australia, the last in 1862. Unlike the execution of European offenders at Adelaide Gaol, indigenous hangings occurred at the scene of the crime with settlers and local aborigines encouraged, sometimes forced, to watch. The utility of the gallows on the frontier was recognised in 1861 when Parliament passed an amendment reintroducing public executions for indigenous offenders while maintaining private executions for European offenders. This paper argues that settlers used the violent theatre of the gallows to circumvent any cultural/linguistic differences and help pacify the indigenous threat posed to the South Australian colonial project. Confronting The 'Baggage Of The Past': Conflicted Histories, Museums And The Politics Of Public Commemoration Margaret Anderson History SA It is now nearly 30 years since Australian museums first began to engage seriously with diversity. The programs they present contribute to the complexity of identity narratives now in the public domain. History is an enduring element in the construction of most of these narratives, but for some that history is deeply conflicted. Commemorative programs can be particularly contentious. Should museums insist that immigrant groups ‘leave the baggage of the past behind them’, as one community leader argued recently? This paper considers the politics of remembrance through one program which attracted wide public comment at the Migration Museum recently. Cultural Conflict In Captivity: Australian Pows In Turkey During The First World War Kate Ariotti University of Queensland 196 Australians were held as prisoners of war by the Turks during the First World War. These soldiers, sailors and airmen were at the vanguard of Australian wartime captivity experiences and were the first to be held POW by such a radically different enemy. This paper focuses on the cultural conflicts experienced by the Australians and argues they were a central aspect of the POWs’ time in Turkey. The paper presents an overview of the POWs’ experiences and offers a discussion about the ways in which the Australians coped with the challenges these cultural conflicts engendered. New Directions In Pacific History David Armitage1, Alison Bashford2, Bronwen Douglas3, Lisa Ford4, Patricia O'Brien3, Damon Salesa5 1Harvard University 2University of Sydney 3Australian National University 4University of New South Wales 5The University Of Auckland The Pacific has long been the hole at the heart of world history. Recent scholarship, building on generations of work by historians of Oceania, has proposed new narratives and novel analytical frameworks for integrating accounts of the region and putting them where they firmly belong, at the heart of global historiography. The participants in this roundtable have all been on the leading edge of this salutary movement: here they reflect critically on the prospects for new histories of the Pacific and its peoples from the perspectives of Indigenous history, gender history, the history of law and the history of religion. The Art Of The Impossible: Conflict Mediation And Facilitation Among The Small German States In The Nineteenth Century. Bodie Ashton University of Adelaide Far from being a “long century” of peace, the nineteenth century was for Europe a time of immense upheaval between states and empires. Much of the chaos of the era took place in and around modern Germany. Little understood, however, is the crucial role played by the myriad small states within Germany, which often facilitated or mediated conflict between much larger powers. With specific reference to Württemberg, Bavaria, and Saxony, this paper addresses the vital importance of these small states in contributing to the outbreak of conflict, or mollifying the powers so as to avoid