An historical study of the Proto-Indo- European nominal derivational morpheme *-ti- A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Classics By Hugh Williams Classics Department University of Canterbury 2019 1 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... 4 ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 6 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 8 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 10 PHONOLOGICAL DISCUSSION OF PIE ......................................................................................... 22 MORPHOPHONOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 25 ACCENT TYPE................................................................................................................................ 25 TONOGENESIS ............................................................................................................................... 27 STRESS ............................................................................................................................................ 28 ABLAUT MODEL ........................................................................................................................... 29 SEMANTICS OF THE *-TI- SUFFIX ................................................................................................. 34 ASPECT ............................................................................................................................................ 34 GRAMMATICALIZATION ............................................................................................................ 42 CELTIC ................................................................................................................................................ 47 CELTIC INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 47 CELTIC DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................... 47 CELTIC DATA ................................................................................................................................ 47 GERMANIC ......................................................................................................................................... 54 GERMANIC INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 54 GERMANIC DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 55 GERMANIC DATA ......................................................................................................................... 56 GREEK ................................................................................................................................................. 66 GREEK INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 66 GREEK ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 67 GREEK DATA ................................................................................................................................. 68 IRANIAN .............................................................................................................................................. 73 IRANIAN INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 73 IRANIAN DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 74 IRANIAN DATA.............................................................................................................................. 74 ITALIC ............................................................................................................................................... 104 ITALIC INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 104 ITALIC DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 105 VEDIC ................................................................................................................................................ 117 2 VEDIC INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 117 VEDIC ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 118 VEDIC DATA ................................................................................................................................ 118 ANATOLIAN ..................................................................................................................................... 143 ANATOLIAN INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 143 ANATOLIAN DATA ..................................................................................................................... 144 ANATOLIAN DISCUSSION......................................................................................................... 214 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 225 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... 228 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS h Many of those who know me will be slightly amused when I say that this thesis (< *d h1-ti-) has been a long time in the making. Personal circumstances and the general scope of the project have made it so, I guess. My thanks must first go to my family, friends, and supervisors for their patience with me, and for their sticking by me over the years. The biggest share of the thanks must go to my supervisors: Victor Parker Andrew Carstairs- McCarthy. I’m sure I haven’t been the ideal student, so thank you for your time and patience. In particular, special thanks must go to Victor for taking me through a quick introduction to Hittite at the beginning of my MA study, and for the hours spent going through my thesis and discussing it with me. In many ways writing an MA on Indo-European has been a lonely process. This is partly because the University of Canterbury does not have an Indo-European Studies programme, and there haven’t been many students who have done anything similar to what I have done. Nevertheless, I wouldn’t have got to this stage if not for the encouragement from Victor and the other staff in the Classics department, and some of the staff from Linguistics. I was also fortunate enough to spend a year at Uppsala Universitet (2010-11) studying Comparative Indo-European Linguistics, Sanskrit, and Avestan under the Christiane Schaefer and Leonid Kulikov. Before I returned home I also managed to attend the Leiden Summer School in Languages and Linguistics. Thanks to all these people who helped get me where I am now. 4 5 ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviated Titles (Please see bibliography for more information on these works) CHD = Chicago Hittite Dictionary (Güterbock et al.) DELL = Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Latine: Histore des Mots (Ernout) EDG = Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Beekes) EDPC = Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Matasović) EDPG = Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Kroonen) EDIL = Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (De Vaan) EDIV = Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Cheung) EWA = Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen (Mayrhofer) GEW = Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Frisk) HED = Hittite Etymological Dictionary (Puhvel) HEG = Hetitisches Etymologisches Glossar (Tischler) HIL = Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Kloekhorst) KHW = Kurzgefaßtes Hethitisches Wörterbuch (Friedrich) LIPP = Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme (Dunkel) LIV = Lexikon der indogermansichen Verben (Rix) MUN = Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens (Bammesberger) NIL = Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon (Wodtko et al.) Grammatical Terms abl. = ablative case abs. = absolutive acc. = accusative case act. = active voice dat. = dative case gen. = genitive case impv. = imperative inf. = infinitive inst. = instrumental case 6 loc. = locative case nom. = nominative case pass. = passive voice part. = participle pl. = plural pret. = preterite sg. = singular Languages Gaul = Gaulish Goth = Gothic Lat = Latin Latv = Latvian Lith = Lithuanian MIr = Middle Irish MW = Middle Welsh OAv = Old Avestan OEng = Old English OFris = Old Frisian OHG = Old High German OIr = Old Irish ON = Old Norse OPers = Old Persian OPruss = Old Prussian OSax = Old Saxon Osc = Oscan OSwe = Old Swedish PIE = Proto-Indo-European Toch A = Tocharian A Toch B = Tocharian B 7 Umbr =