WP 3 (2016) WORKING PAPER SERIES Temporary versus Permanent Migration Descriptive report on pre-exiting data and research on international students and academics ows to the EU LAMA KABBANJI, TATIANA EREMENKO, MÉLANIE JOLIVET-GUETTA, ERICA CONSTERDINE, AMPARO GONZÁLEZ-FERRER AND YOAN MOLINERO Website: Facebook: TEMPER EU Project www.temperproject.eu www.facebook.com/temperproject.eu Grant Agreement: 613468 Twitter: Email: @temper2014 [email protected] Descriptive report on pre-existing data and research on International students and academics flows to the EU Lama Kabbanji, Tatiana Eremenko, Mélanie Jolivet-Guetta, Erica Consterdine, Amparo González-Ferrer and Yoan Molinero Gerbeau. Abstract: This report provides an overview of changing trends and dynamics of students and academics’ mobility into France, Spain, UK and Italy. The link between migration and higher education policies analysed in Working Paper 2, on the one hand, and these changing trends in flows and stocks of international students and academics in our four TEMPER EU countries, on the other, is examined in detail. In achieving this goal a multiplicity of data sources, both international (UNESCO, OECD, Eurostat) and national-specific ones, have been carefully reviewed and exploited. After such a thorough overview, we have identified major difficulties in establishing common statistical categories that allow, first, proper cross- national comparisons and, secondly, an adeQuate within-country assessment of the outcomes achieved by policies aimed at promoting internationalization of the tertiary education and research system, as well as increasing their diversification and competitiveness in attracting ‘the best and the brightest’ in the increasingly globalized educational market. These limitations affect data availability for all the main students’ categories (Undergraduate, Master and PhD. Students), but are particularly remarkable as we move up in the academic career trying to examine the extent to which academic and research positions have become more (or less) permeable to internationalization dynamics. Keywords: International students, international academics, flows, stocks, trends, France, Spain, Italy, UK. INDEX 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Objectives of this report ..................................................................................... 5 2. Brief overview on migration policies in France, Italy, Spain and the UK ....... 6 2.1 France .............................................................................................................. 6 2.2. UK .................................................................................................................. 8 2.3 Spain ............................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Italy ................................................................................................................. 9 3. Defining students and academics in international and national datasets .. 10 3.1 Definitions ....................................................................................................... 10 3.1.1 International definitions ................................................................................. 10 3.1.1.1 Student mobility ........................................................................................... 10 3.1.1.2 Legal admission categories ............................................................................ 15 3.1.2 National definitions ........................................................................................ 16 3.1.2.1 France ........................................................................................................ 16 3.1.2.2 United Kingdom ........................................................................................... 19 3.1.2.3 Spain ......................................................................................................... 22 3.1.2.4 Italy ........................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Data sources .................................................................................................... 29 3.2.1 International data sources ............................................................................... 29 3.2.1.1 Student mobility (UNESCO, OECD, EUROSTAT) .................................................. 29 3.2.1.2 Residence permit statistics (Eurostat) .............................................................. 30 3.2.1.3 Combining information from different international datasets? ............................ 32 3.2.2 National data sources ..................................................................................... 34 3.2.2.1 France ........................................................................................................ 34 3.2.2.2 United Kingdom ........................................................................................... 39 3.2.2.3 Spain ......................................................................................................... 43 3.2.2.4 Italy ........................................................................................................... 43 3.3 MORE and MORE 2 Survey ................................................................................. 54 1 4. Trends in student and academic mobility using comparative international data. Attractiveness of different countries around the world and changes over time .................................................................................................................... 61 4.1 Trends in flows of international and foreign students – UIS and Eurostat data .......... 64 4.1.1 Absolute & relative figures in UIS-UNESCO dataset ............................................. 64 4.1.2 Absolute & relative figures in Eurostat dataset .................................................. 67 4.1.3 Geographical origin of foreign students – Diversification of flows origin towards non- EU and emergent countries? ................................................................................... 70 4.1.4 Students Outflows among TEMPER groups of interest ......................................... 73 4.2 Stocks of international and foreign students- OECD and Eurostat data ..................... 77 4.2.1 Absolute & relative numbers ........................................................................... 83 4.3 Trends in flows and stock of academics – Eurostat ................................................ 83 4.3.1 Absolute & relative numbers ........................................................................... 84 4.3.2 Geographical origin ......................................................................................... 86 5. National data on specific issues .................................................................... 88 5.1 Students .......................................................................................................... 88 5.1.1 France ........................................................................................................... 88 5.1.1.1 Foreign students in the higher education system ............................................... 91 5.1.1.2 International students in universites by field of studies ....................................... 92 5.1.1.3 Scholarships for undergrad and Master students ............................................... 93 5.1.2 Spain ............................................................................................................ 94 5.1.2.1 Foreign students in the higher education system ............................................... 97 5.1.2.2 International students in universites ................................................................ 98 5.1.2.3 Scholarships for students ............................................................................... 98 5.1.3 UK ............................................................................................................... 98 5.1.4 Italy ........................................................................................................... 102 5.2 Researchers ................................................................................................... 106 5.2.1 Doctoral students ......................................................................................... 107 5.2.1.1 France ...................................................................................................... 107 5.2.1.2 Spain ....................................................................................................... 115 2 5.2.1.3 Italy ......................................................................................................... 120 5.2.2 Post-doctorates ........................................................................................... 123 5.2.2.1 France ...................................................................................................... 124 5.2.2.2 Spain ........................................................................................................ 127 5.2.3 Advanced researchers (with open-ended contracts - ?) ....................................... 133 5.2.3.1 France ....................................................................................................... 133 5.2.3.2 Spain .......................................................................................................