Page | 1 RESEARCHERS - Alan Eustace, - Katharina Neumann, - Alannah Crowley, - Katherine O’Reilly, - Ben Whyte, - Killian Campion, - Blake Stephens, - Laoise Murray, - Campbell Whyte, - Laura O’Sullivan, - Caoilin Young, - Liadán Mack, - Carrie O’Kelly, - Louise Cabot, - Clara Golden, - Lucy Shuyao Lu, - Colette Whelan, - Madeeha Akhtar, - Conor Courtney, - Mary-Kate Slattery, - Cormac O’Bric, - Matthew O’Shea, - Daniel Byrne, - Michael-John Gillen, - Demilade Adeniran, - Muireann Carton, - Eleni O’Dwyer, - Naoise D’Arcy, - Ella McGill, - Orla Doolin, - Ellen Hyland, - Orla Murnaghan, - Emilie Oudart, - Orlaith Connolly, - Emily Coffey, - Rachel Guerin, - Emily Tierney, - Radka Hodalova, - Emma Bowie, - Rebecca Kelly, - Emma Murphy, - Robert Morgan, - Eoin Finnegan, - Robert van Breda, - Eoin Jackson, - Róisín Casey, - Eolann Davis, - Róisín de Bhaldraithe, - Erika Price, - Ross Malervy, - Hannah Edwards, - Rowan Kelleher, - Hugh Gallagher, - Sadhbh Kelly, - Isabelle Healy, - Saoirse Enright, - Isabelle Tierney, - Sean O’Driscoll, - Jacob Maguire, - Suzanne Flynn, - James Redmond, - Tadhg McTiernan, - Jonathan Murchan, - Ted Halligan. - Julia Best, - Kate Carroll, Editor: Ciara McLoughlin - Kate Nolan, With thanks to: Professor Gerry Whyte, Trinity College Dublin Séamus Small, Treasurer, Trinity FLAC Síofra Carlin, Legal Research Officer, Trinity FLAC Ivan Rakhmanin, PRO Trinity FLAC Page | 2 DISCLAIMER Trinity FLAC assumes no responsibility for and gives no guarantees, undertakings or warranties concerning the accuracy, completeness or up-to-date nature of the information provided in this report and/or for any consequences of any actions taken on the basis of the information provided, legal or otherwise. 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Page | 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ................................................................................................................ 8 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 10 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................ 14 BARRIERS TO JUSTICE Cost of legal service and inadequacies of the legal aid system ................................ 16 Complexity of the courts system for personal litigants. ............................................ 19 Social and psychological barriers to justice ............................................................ 20 Barriers faced by children and young people .......................................................... 23 Barriers faced by homeless people .......................................................................... 24 Barriers affecting persons with disabilities ............................................................. 25 Barriers affecting prisoners .................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................ 29 HOW TECHNOLOGY CAN FACILITATE/IMPEDE ACCESS TO JUSTICE Technology: Enhancing access to justice ................................................................ 30 A user-focused perspective ...................................................................................... 39 Big data as a tool of discrimination ........................................................................ 44 Climate and environmental justice .......................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................ 57 THE IMPACT OF LEGAL TECHNOLOGY ON HUMAN RIGHTS Implications of Legal Tech on Ireland’s HR obligations ......................................... 60 The right to a jury trial and legal technology .......................................................... 62 Legal representation and legal technology .............................................................. 65 Public legal education and technology .................................................................... 70 CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................ 72 THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES Issues faced by the elderly ...................................................................................... 74 Issues faced by people with disabilities. .................................................................. 75 A focus on vulnerable parties in family law ............................................................. 80 A focus on refugees ................................................................................................. 84 CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................ 90 CASE STUDY: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Lowering costs through automation ........................................................................ 91 Ethical considerations ............................................................................................ 95 Entrenching systemic bias ....................................................................................... 98 Privacy ................................................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER 6 .............................................................................................................. 103 THE ETHICS OF LEGAL TECHNOLOGY Legal implications of technological decisions ....................................................... 104 Ethical duty of lawyers’ ....................................................................................... 106 Impact of EU/International law on the ethics of legal technology .......................... 110 Page | 4 CHAPTER 7 .............................................................................................................. 114 THE IMPACT OF EU LAW ON LEGAL TECHNOLOGY The European Data Strategy ................................................................................. 115 ‘Shaping Europe’s Digital Future’ strategy report ................................................ 116 The White Paper on Artificial Intelligence ............................................................ 118 The EU Open Data Directive ................................................................................ 121 The General Data Protection Regulation .............................................................. 121 The EU e-Privacy Regulation ............................................................................... 124 The EU Cyber-Security Act .................................................................................. 125 The Connecting Europe Facility ........................................................................... 126 Intellectual Property Law & the Copyright Directive ........................................... 127 CHAPTER 8 .............................................................................................................. 132 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL IT DEVELOPMENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ACCESS TO JUSTICE: ENGLAND AND WALES Legal technology available at present .................................................................. 134 Overview of the sufficiency of IT and legal applications ........................................ 137 Improvements in the field of IT which can be made to further the goal of securing access to justice .................................................................................................... 142 Capturing technological innovation in legal services ............................................ 145 CHAPTER 9 .............................................................................................................. 148 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL IT DEVELOPMENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ACCESS TO JUSTICE: BRITISH COLUMBIA The Solution Explorer and Civil Resolution Tribunal ............................................ 149 MyLaw BC online platform ................................................................................... 152 AskJES legal software ........................................................................................... 155 CHAPTER 10 ............................................................................................................ 158 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL IT DEVELOPMENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ACCESS TO JUSTICE: THE NETHERLANDS Historical background of the Dutch legal system .................................................. 159 The current state of the Law. ................................................................................. 163 The current interactivity of IT and the law ............................................................ 163 CHAPTER 11:........................................................................................................... 166 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GLOBAL IT DEVELOPMENTS