Shortfin Mako Shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) Bibliography Katie Rowley, Librarian, NOAA Central Library NCRL subject guide 2021-09 https://doi.org/10.25923/gr9x-vv55 June 2021 U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research NOAA Central Library – Silver Spring, Maryland Table of Contents Background & Scope ................................................................................................................................. 2 Sources Reviewed ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Section I: Biology ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Section II: Ecology ................................................................................................................................... 49 Section III: Genetics ................................................................................................................................. 71 Section IV: Population Abundance and Trends ....................................................................................... 78 Section V: Threats ................................................................................................................................. 122 1 Background & Scope NMFS is conducting a status review of the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) in response to a petition to list the species as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The purpose of a status review is to synthesize the best available scientific and commercial information regarding the species’ status and evaluate extinction risk of the species to determine if listing is warranted. The information used in a status review includes the life history and ecology of the species, taxonomy, historical and current abundance, trends, population growth rate, distribution, population connectivity, genetic diversity, and threats facing the species. As NMFS has not conducted a review of the species’ status in the past, we are compiling the best available data from any year through the present, as opposed to a specific timeframe. The shortfin mako is a large pelagic shark that occurs across all temperate and tropical ocean waters. This bibliography focuses on shortfin mako literature from peer-reviewed journals, technical reports, memos, and Regional Fisheries Management Council reports. It is intended as a reference resource for ESA staff of the NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources when compiling any relevant information on the status of the species. It is organized into five sections: Biology (life history), Ecology (interaction with the environment), Genetics, Population Abundance and Trends, and Threats. Section I – Biology Section one is intended to provide an overview of the life history of the shortfin mako shark. The research in this area includes information on physical attributes and characteristics, historical and current habitat and distribution, diet, lifespan, migration patterns, behavior, feeding, productivity, fecundity, growth and reproduction. If biology and life history varies by region (e.g. Atlantic Ocean vs. Pacific Ocean), this is important to note as well. Section II – Ecology Section two is intended to provide an overview of how the shortfin mako interacts with the environment. The research in this area includes information on feeding ecology, food resources, prey composition, competition and predation pressure, and how climate change affects the species. Section III – Genetics Section three is intended to review any information regarding the genetic variation among and between populations of shortfin makos, including genetic information that sheds light on population structure and that may inform NMFS’s application of the DPS policy for the species. Section IV – Population Abundance and Trends Section four is intended to provide an overview of historical and current population estimates and trends for the shortfin mako shark throughout its range. These data are often found in fisheries stock assessment reports. This section should also include any demographic features and trends that influence abundance, including birth and mortality rates, age structure, sex ratio, age at mortality, etc. Section IV – Threats A threat is defined as any factor that could represent an impediment to a species’ recovery. Section four is intended to provide an overview of any threats to the species, including incidental catch (bycatch) in commercial fisheries; directed/targeted commercial, artisanal and recreational fisheries; opportunistic retention when bycaught; domestic and international trade in shark fins, meat and products; pollution; climate change; disease; habitat degradation; and any other threats that may be documented in the 2 literature. It should also include management, regulatory, or conservation programs for I. oxyrinchus, including mitigation measures related to any known or potential threats to the species throughout its range Sources Reviewed The following databases were used to identify sources: Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science: Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Science Index; EBSCO Academic Search Complete and Environment Complete; ProQuest Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts; NOAA Institutional Repository; BioDiversity Heritage Library; BioOne Complete; Dimensions; Lens; JSTOR and Google Scholar. The bibliography includes English, Spanish and Chinese language materials. 3 Section I: Biology Afroz, F., Lang, A., Habegger, M. L., Motta, P., & Hueter, R. (2016). Experimental Study of Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer Separation Control of Shark Skin. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 12(1), 016009 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/12/1/016009 The Shortfin Mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) is a fast swimmer and has incredible turning agility, and has flexible scales known to bristle up to 50 degrees in the flank regions. It is purported that this bristling capability of the scales may result in a unique pass flow control method to control flow separation and reduce drag. It appears that the scales have evolved to be only actuated when the flow over the body is reversed; thereby inducing a method of inhibiting flow reversal close to the surface. In addition, bristled scales form cavities which could induce boundary layer mixing and further assist in delaying flow separation. To substantiate the hypothesis, samples of skin from the flank region of the mako have been tested in a water tunnel facility under various strengths of adverse pressure gradient (APG). Laminar and turbulent separation over the skin was studied experimentally using time-resolved digital particle image velocimetry, where the APG was generated and varied using a rotating cylinder. Shark skin results were compared with that of a smooth plate data for a given amount of APG. Both the instantaneous and time-averaged results reveal that shark skin is capable of controlling laminar as well as turbulent separation. Under laminar conditions, the shark skin also induces an early transition to turbulence and reduces the degree of laminar separation. For turbulent separation, the presence of the shark skin reduces the amount of backflow and size of the separation region. Under both flow conditions, the shark skin also delayed the point of separation as compared to a smooth wall. Ardizzone, D., Cailliet, G. M., Natanson, L. J., Andrews, A. H., Kerr, L. A., & Brown, T. A. (2006). Application of Bomb Radiocarbon Chronologies to Shortfin Mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) Age Validation. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 77(3-4), 355-366 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641- 006-9106-4 Age estimation is an issue for the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, because of disagreement on vertebral band-pair deposition periodicity. In the 1950s-1960s, thermonuclear testing released large amounts of radiocarbon into the atmosphere, which diffused into the ocean through gas exchange. This influx created a time-specific marker that can be used in age validation. Annual band-pair deposition in the porbeagle, Lamna nasus, was validated in a previous study and indicated preliminary annual deposition in the shortfin mako, using four samples from one vertebra. In the present study, age estimates from 54 shortfin mako vertebrae collected in 1950-1984 ranged 1-31 years. Ageing error between readers was consistent, with 76% of the estimates ranging within 2 years. Twenty-one Delta C- 14 values from eight shortfin mako vertebrae (collected in the western North Atlantic in 1963-1984) ranged -154.8 parts per thousand to 86.8 parts per thousand. The resulting conformity with the Delta C- 14 timeline for the porbeagle supported annual band-pair deposition in vertebrae of the shortfin mako. Barker, M. J., & Schluessel, V. (2005). Managing Global Shark Fisheries: Suggestions for Prioritizing Management Strategies. Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 15(4), 325- 347 https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.660 1. Over the past two decades the number of fisheries targeting shark resources has increased dramatically. A combination of factors, including relatively slow growth rate, low fecundity and late age 4 of maturity, result in low recovery rates from exploitation for most shark species. This, in turn, is reflected in the poor record of sustainability of shark fisheries. 2. One of the greatest challenges is to find a way to deal with the