MASTER THESIS | Sustainable Cities Written by: Joakim Haslund Ryborg 07/06 - 2019 Table of content Danish resume ..........................................................................................................................................................4 Preface ......................................................................................................................................................................6 1.0 Problem analysis .................................................................................................................................................7 1.1 International awareness of climate changes ..................................................................................................7 1.2 Transitioning into renewable energy .............................................................................................................7 1.3 Copenhagen Municipality as the world’s first carbon neutral capital ...........................................................9 1.3.1 Solar photovoltaic (PV) goal ................................................................................................................. 10 1.3.2 PV potential in Copenhagen Municipality ............................................................................................ 11 1.4 Tendencies; national- and international influence on PV development ..................................................... 13 1.4.1 Industries and large conglomerates seek to invest in green technology, including PV’s..................... 13 1.4.2 European Union Agenda; new renewable energy directive ................................................................. 14 1.5 Conducted initiatives to succeed the 1% goal: ‘Solar Distrikt NV’ .............................................................. 15 Sub conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.0 Problem formulation ....................................................................................................................................... 17 3.0 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................... 19 3.1 project structure .......................................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.1 Case study ......................................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.2 Qualitative interviews ....................................................................................................................... 20 3.1.3 Meetings and workshops ................................................................................................................. 21 3.1.4 Literature studies and document analysis ........................................................................................ 23 3.1.5 Direct observations and participating observations ........................................................................ 23 3.1.6 Epistemology .................................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.7 Internship knowledge ....................................................................................................................... 25 3.2 Theoretical perspective: Collaborative Governance ................................................................................... 27 3.2.1 Theoretical perspective ........................................................................................................................ 27 3.2.1 Collaborative Governance .................................................................................................................... 27 3.2.2 System Context ................................................................................................................................. 29 3.2.3 Drivers ................................................................................................................................................... 29 Page 2 out of 73 3.2.4 Collaborative Governance Regime ................................................................................................... 30 3.2.5 Collaborative dynamics .................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.6 Collaborative actions ........................................................................................................................ 32 3.2.7 Impacts ................................................................................................................................................. 32 3.2.8 Adaptation ............................................................................................................................................ 33 3.3 Applied theory ............................................................................................................................................. 33 4.0 Analysis ............................................................................................................................................................ 36 4.1 Case description: ‘Solar Distrikt NV’ ............................................................................................................ 37 4.1.1 Purpose of ‘Solar Distrikt NV’ ............................................................................................................... 38 4.2 System context of ‘Solar Distrikt NV’ ........................................................................................................... 39 4.2.1 Development of PV ............................................................................................................................... 39 4.2.2 Changes in legislation and regulation of privately-owned and municipal-owned PV applications ..... 43 4.2.2.1 Support schemes and public regulation for private PV application in Denmark .......................... 43 4.2.2.2 Political regulation of municipal-owned PV applications .............................................................. 46 4.3 The role of PV in the future energy system ................................................................................................. 50 4.4 Collaborative governance regime of ‘Solar Disktrikt NV’ ............................................................................ 53 4.4.1 Stakeholders ......................................................................................................................................... 54 4.4.2 End summation of the analysis............................................................................................................. 62 5.0 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................................ 63 5.1 Results in a theoretical perspective ............................................................................................................ 63 5.2 Results based on methods ........................................................................................................................... 63 6.0 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................... 65 7.0 Proposition towards a new collaboration ....................................................................................................... 67 7.1 Proposition .................................................................................................................................................. 67 7.2 Thoughts and reflections on this proposition ............................................................................................. 67 8.0 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 70 9.0 Appendix .......................................................................................................................................................... 73 Page 3 out of 73 Danish resume På baggrund af adskillige skelsættende begivenheder (Paris aftalen, IPCC-rapporten, Europaparlamentsvalg samt Danmarks folketingsvalg) med fokus på klimaet og bæredygtig omstilling, er opmærksomheden på især energiplanlægning i de danske kommunerne blevet intensiveret. I Københavns Kommune (KK) blev det i 2012 vedtaget af Borgerrepræsentationen, at KK skulle være verdens første hovedstad til at blive CO2 neutral i 2025. Dette har sat pres på bæredygtige tiltag i energiproduktionssektoren, hvortil KK med omfattende initiativer blandt andet ønsker at forøge den eksisterende solcellekapacitet, ikke kun på marker, men også på hustage inde i byen. ’Solar Distrikt NV’ er ét af disse tiltag, som forsøger at udbrede bygningsintegreret solcelleløsninger i det private boligsegment i Københavns Nordvestkvarter. Projektet består af et samarbejde på tværs af offentlige og private aktører, som udgør KK, beboerne i Nordvest samt diverse solcelleproducenter- og eksperter. Dette samarbejde ønsker at sætte fokus på solcelleløsninger på bygninger i København, som ikke går på kompromis med hverken de arkitektoniske eller bevaringsværdige