Journalism and Mass Communication Volume 2, Number 4, April 2012 (Serial Number 7) David Publishing David Publishing Company www.davidpublishing.com Publication Information: Journalism and Mass Communication is published monthly in print (ISSN 2160-6579) by David Publishing Company located at 9460 Telstar Ave Suite 5, EL Monte, CA 91731, USA. Aims and Scope: Journalism and Mass Communication, a professional academic journal, commits itself to promoting the academic communication about recent developments on Journalism and Mass Communication, covers all sorts of research on journalism, radio and television journalism, new media, news ethics and regulations, the integration of media and culture and other relevant areas and tries to provide a platform for experts and scholars worldwide to exchange their latest findings. 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Downes (Boston University, USA); Feng-Yung Hu(Yuan Ze University, Taiwai); Jacqui Miller (Liverpool Hope University, UK); João Paulo de Jesus (Post-doctoral Researcher under the direction of Robert Picard, Jonkonping University, Sweden); Kevin Bradley Wright (Saint Louis University, USA); Kyung Han You (The Pennsylvania State University); Mariam Gersamia (Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia); Maurizio Ali (Université de la Polynésie Française, Tahiti, France); Mingsheng Li (Massey University, New Zealand); Mohamed Kirat (University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirate); Nnamdi T. Ekeanyanwu (Covenant University, Nigeria); Peter Mikulas (Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia); Serra Gorpe (Istanbul University, Turkey); Sergey Korkonosenko (St. Petersburg State University, Russia); Shaojing Sun (Fudan University, China); Yosefa Loshitzky (University of East London, UK). Manuscripts and correspondence are invited for publication. 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Abstracted/Indexed in: Database of EBSCO, Massachusetts, USA Chinese Database of CEPS, American Federal Computer Library center (OCLC), USA Chinese Scientific Journals Database, VIP Corporation, Chongqing, P. R. C. Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory Pro Quest/CSA Social Science Collection, Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS), USA Subscription Information: Print $450; Online $320; Print and Online $600 (per year) David Publishing Company 9460 Telstar Ave Suite 5, EL Monte, CA91731, USA Tel: 1-323-984-7526 Fax: 1-323-984-7374 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] D DAVID PUBLISHING David Publishing Company www.davidpublishing.com Journalism and Mass Communication Volume 2, Number 4, April 2012 (Serial Number 7) Contents Media Studies The Use and the Effects of Militaristic Elements in the Turkish Printed Sports Media 503 Güven Büyükbaykal, Murat Mengü The Nigerian Press, Brown Envelope Syndrome (BES) and Media Professionalism: The Missing Link 514 Nnamdi T. Ekeanyanwu, Nkechi Obianigwe Society and Network Culture Methodology of Culture: The Power of (Foreign) Films 530 Julia Khrebtan-Hörhager The Power of Social Capital in Massive Multiplayer Online Games: Cooperation and Cronyism in World of Warcraft 539 Mark C. Meachem Base of the Pyramid Population: Identifying Populations to Increase Citizen Participation Through Information Technology 551 Paulina Alvarez Barillas Plurk Politics—Micro-Blogging Is Changing Political Communication in Taiwan 565 Luc Chia-Shin Lin, Naren Chitty Journalism and Mass Communication, ISSN 2160-6579 April 2012, Vol. 2, No. 4, 503-513 D DAVID PUBLISHING The Use and the Effects of Militaristic Elements in the Turkish Printed Sports Media Güven Büyükbaykal, Murat Mengü İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey Football is a sports branch comprising a “human” factor with different aspects, such as intelligence, intuition, will, character, struggle, spectators, and balance. With the created global economic market, football is an indispensable part of our lives. It entices the masses, plays an effective role in the socio-economic destinies of societies, and directs the mass psychology of societies negatively and/or positively. The success that football clubs in Turkey attained recently in Europe and the third standing that our national football team gained in 2002 have accentuated the relationship between the printed football media and football. Today, Turkish sports journalism sometimes tends to exploit the emotions and encourages the discourses inciting violence and biases to get more readers (to increase the circulation rate) and guarantee the continuation of the attention. Many words expressing militarism are used in the headlines of sports news. In these articles, the footballers are depicted as alert soldiers and the teams as troops conditioned to victory. In the frame of both national matches and the European Cups, the militaristic elements are used through nationalistic discourses in the sports news of the printed media. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the presentation and quantity of the militaristic elements used in the news on football in newspapers. The news in the Milliyet, as a mainstream newspaper, issued in two periods, namely after the 2002 World Cup (November 1-December 31, 2002) and today (February 1-March 30, 2008) will be studied through the discourse analysis method with respect to the headlines and contents. Therefore, the comments and the ideas of columnists will be excluded from the scope of this study. Keywords: printed sports media, football news, militaristic elements, nationalistic discourse Introduction Generally speaking, militarism indicates the preponderance of the military class or its ideals and accentuation of military virtues and ideals. It is also a policy of aggressive military readiness (Webster, 1993, p. 1433). Furthermore, militarism or militarist ideology is the view that society should be governed by the concepts comprised in military culture and its legacy. Militarists assume the view that discipline is the highest social priority, and state that the development and maintenance of the military guarantees national and social order. National policy is believed to be best served by focusing the society on preparation for military operations and conducting military operations. Social restraint follows the imposition of military order on civilian society. Güven Büyükbaykal, assistant professor, School of Communication, İstanbul University. Murat Mengü, Ph.D., School of Communication, İstanbul University. 504 THE USE AND THE EFFECTS OF MILITARISTIC ELEMENTS Under the justification of force, militarism asserts that civilian populations are dependent upon the needs and goals of its military. Common principles include advocation of “peace through strength” as the proper method to secure the interests of society, which is expressed through traditional diplomatic relations and the matters related to social welfare. Militarism is essentially undemocratic and antidemocratic. Therefore, it is not part of the culture of democratic societies but flourishes in those subjected to totalitarian theories. Militarism, in practice, is a preference toward goals, concepts, doctrines, and policies that will be exercised by the threat or actuality of military force/(Militarism, n. d.). In short, militarism is war-mongering or the advocacy of war or actual carrying out of war or its preparations.(What is Militarism?, n. d.) Within the scope of this study, it is assumed that Turkish Sports Journalism sometimes tends to exploit the emotions and encourages the discourses inciting violence and biases to get more readers (to increase the circulation rate) and guarantee the continuation of the attention. Many words expressing militarism are used in the headlines of sports news. Definition and Characteristics of Football Football is a sports branch comprising “human” factor in its nature with different aspects through intelligence, intuition, will, character, struggle, spectators and balance. The characteristics of football may hold a different meaning