174 NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT i74 HIGHWAY NOISE A DESIGN GUIDE, FOR PREDICTION AND CONTROL ( TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 1976 Officers HAROLD L. MICHAEL, Chairman ROBERT N. HUNTER, Vice Chairman W. N. CAREY, JR., Executive Director Executive Committee HENRIK E. STAFSETH, Executive Director, American Assn. of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio) NORBERTT. TIEMANN, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) ROBERT E. PATRICELLI, Urban Mass Transportation Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) ASAPH H. HALC, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S. Department of Transportation, (ex officio) HARVEY BROOKS, Chairman, Commission on Sociotechnical Systems, National Research Council (ex officio) MILTON PIKARSKY, Chairman of the Board, Chicago Regional Transportation Authority (ex officio, Past Chairman 1975) WARREN E. ALBERTS, Vice President (Systems Operations Services), United Airlines GEORGE H. ANDREWS, Vice President (Transportation Marketing), Sverdrup and Parcel GRANT BASTIAN, State Highway Engineer, Nevada Department of Highways KURT W. BAUER, Executive Director, Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission LANG HORNE M. BOND, Secretary, Illinois Department of Transportation MANUEL CARBALLO, Secretary of Health and Social Services, State ojWisconsin L. S. CRANE, President, Southern Railway System JAMES M. DAVEY; Consultant . B. L. DEBERRY, Engineer-Director, Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation LOUIS J. GAMBACCINI, Vice President and General Manager,: Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation HOWARD L. GAUTHIER, Professor of Geography, Ohio State University FRANK C. HERRINGER, General Manager, San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District ANN R. HULL, Delegate, Maryland General Assembly ROBERT N. HUNTER, Chief Engineer, Missouri State Highway Department PETER G. KOLTNOW, President, Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility A. SCHEFFER LANG, Assistant to the President, Association of American Railroads BENJAMIN LAX, Director, Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology DANIEL McFADDEN, Professor of Economics, University of California HAROLD L. MICHAEL, Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue U,ilve,üly THOMAS D. MORELAND, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Transportation J. PHILLIP RICHLEY, Vice President (Engineering and Construction), The Cafaro Company RAYMOND T. SCHULER, Commissioner, New York State Department of Transportation WILLIAM K. SMITH, Vice President (Transportation), General Mills NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Transportation Research Board Executive Co,nmittee Subco,nmittee for the NCHRP HAROLD L. MICHAEL, Purdue University (Chairman) ROBERT N. HUNTER, Missouri State Highway Department HENRIK E. STAFSETH, Amer. Ass,:, of State Hwy. and Transp. Officials NORBERT T. TIEMANN, U.S. Department of Transportation HARVEY BROOKS, National Research Council W. N. CAREY, JR., Transportation Research Board General Field of Traffic Area of Operations and Control Project Panel G3-7 ALGER F. MALO, Traffic Engineering Coniultant (Chairman) WAYNE N. yOLK, Consultant JOHN E. BAERWALD, University of Illinois EUGENE CHEN, Federal Highivay Administration FRED W. HURD, Eno Foundation for Transportation TIMOTHY M. BARRY, Federal Highway Administration HAROLD L. MICHAEL, Purdue University K. E. COOK, Transportation Research Board WILBUR H. SIMONSON, Consultant Program Staff KRIEGER W. HENDERSON, JR., Program Director DAVID K. WITHEFORD, Assistant Program Director HARRY A. SMITH, Projects Engineer LOUIS M. MAcGREGOR, Admi,zistrative Engineer ROBERT E. SPICHER, Projects Engineer JOHN E. BURKE, Projects Engineer (Retired) HERBERT P. ORLAND, Editor R. IAN KINGHAM, Projects Engineer PATRICIA A. PETERS, Associate Editor ROBERT J. REILLY, Projects Engineer EDYTHE T. CRUMP, Assistant Editor NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM REPORT 174 HIGHWAY NOISE A DESIGN GUIDE FOR PREDICTION AND CONTROL B. ANDREW KUGLER, DANIEL E. COMMINS AND WILLIAM J. GALLOWAY, BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA RESEARCH SPONSORED BY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS IN COOPERATION WITH THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION AREAS OF INTEREST: HIGHWAY DESIGN ROAD USER CHARACTERISTICS URBAN COMMUNITY VALUES TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WASHINGTON, D.C. 1976 11 NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP Report 174 Systematic, well-designed research provides the most ef- Project 3-7.FY '73 fective approach to the solution of many problems facing ISBN 0-309-02539-7 highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway L. C. Catalog Card No. 76-52798 problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with Price: $9.60 their state universities and others. However, the accelerat- ing growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators Notice of the American Association of State Highway and Trans- The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the portation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national National Cooperative Highway Research Program conducted by the highway research program employing modern scientific Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council, acting in behalf of the techniques. This program is supported on a continuing National Academy of Sciences. Such approval reflects the Governing basis by funds from participating member states of the Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national impor- Association and it receives the full cooperation and support tance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and re- sources of the National Research Council. of the Federal Highway Administration, United States The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this Department of Transportation. project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance The Transportation Research Board of the National Re- of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and con- search Council was requested by the Association to admin- clusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that ister the research program because of the Board's recog- performed the research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those nized objectivity and understanding of modern research of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Coun- practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose cil, the National Academy of Sciences, or the program sponsors. as: it maintains an extensive committee structure from Each report is reviewed and processed according to procedures established and monitored by the Report Review Committee of the which authorities on any highway transportation subject National Academy of Sciences. Distribution of the report is ap- may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and proved by the President of the Academy upon satisfactory comple- tion of the review process. cooperation with federal, state, and local governmental The National Research Council is the principal operating agency of agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to its the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of parent organization, the National Academy of Sciences, a Engineering, serving government and other organizations. The Transportation Research Board evolved from the 54-year-old High- private, nonprofit institution, is an insurance of objectivity; way Research Board. The TRB incorporates all former HRB it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of special- activities but also performs additional functions under a broader ists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings scope involving all modes of transportation and the interactions of of research directly to those who are in a position to use transportation with society. them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and trans- portation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the Academy and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Trans- portation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies Published reports of the are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Ad- NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM ministration and surveillance of research contracts are responsibilities of the Academy and its Transportation are available from: Research Board. Transportation Research Board The needs for highway research are many, and the National National Academy of Sciences Cooperative Highway Research Program can make signifi- 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. cant contributions to the solution of highway transportation Washington, D.C. 20418 problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway