RI^S ^ "^ Given By TT. S. STJPT. OF DOCUMENTS 3^ THE UNITED STATES STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY The Electric Power Industry OF Japan (Plant Reports) Electric Power Division iT i rw May 1947 THE UNITED STATES STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY The Electric Power Industry OF Japan (Plant Reports) Electric Power Division Dates of Survey 9 October— 3 December 1945 Date of Publication: May 1947 V-O-^l JUL 19 1947 This report was written primarily for the use of the U. S. Strategic Bombinp; Survej' in tlie jjrejjaration of further n^ports of a more comprehensive nature. Any conclusions or opinions expressed in this report must be considered as limited to the specific material covered and as subject to furth{M' interpretation in the lifiht of further studies conducted by the Survey. II FOREWORD The United S(;itos Strategic Boiuhiiifi; Survey was civilians, 350 officers, and 500 enlisted men. 'i'lie established by tlie Secretary of War on 3 November military segment of the organization was drawn 1944, iiursuant to a directive from ffie late Presideiil from the Army to the extent of 60 percent, and from Roosevelt. Its mission was to conduct an impartial Navy to the extent of 40 percent. Both the Army and expert study of the effects of our ari'ial atiaek and the Navy gave the Survey all possible assistance on Oermany, to be used in connection with air in furnishing men, supplies, transport, and informa- attacks on Japan and to establish a basis for evalu- tion. The Svu'vey operated from headtiuarters ating the importance and potentialities of air power established in Tokyo early in September 1945, with as an instrument of military strategy for planning subheadquarters in Nagoya, Osaka, Hiroshima, and the future development of the United States armed forces and for determining future economic policies Nagasaki, and with mobile teams operating in othcM- with resjiect to the national defense. A summary parts of Japan, the islands of the Pacific, and the report and some 200 supporting reports containing Asiatic mainland. the findings of the Survey in Germany have been It was possible to reconstruct nnich of wartime published. Japanese military planning and execution, engage- On 15 August 1945, President Truman requested ment by engagement, and campaign by campaign, that the Survey conduct a similar study of the and to secure reasonably accurate statistics on plaiit l)y jilaiit effects of all types of air attack in the war against Japan's economy and wai' production, , Japan, submitting reports in duplicate to the Secre- and industry by industi-y. In addition, studies were tary of War and to the Secretaiy of the Navy. The conducted on Japan's over-all strategic plans and officers of the Sm'vey during its Japanese phase were: the background of her enti-y into the war, the internal discussions and negotiations leading to her accept- Franklin D'Olier, Chairmnn. ance of unconditional surrender, the course of health Paul Nitze, Henry C. Alexander, Virr H. and morale among the civilian population, the effec- Chairmen. liveness of the Japanese civilian defens(> organiza- Harry L. Bowman, tion, and the effects of the atomic bombs. Separati- J. Kenneth Galbraith, reports will be issued covering each phas(> of the study. Rensis Likert, The Survey interrogated more than 700 Jajianese Frank A. McNamee, Jr., military, government, and industrial officials. It also Fred Searls, Jr., recovered and translates! many documents which not Monroe E. Spaght, only have been useful to the Survey, but also will furnish valuable for other studies. Arrange- Dr. Lewis R. Thompson, data ments have been made to turn over the Survey's Theodore P. Wright, Directors. files to the Central Intelligence Group, through Walter Wilds, Secretary. which they will be available for further examination The Survey's complement jirovided for 300 and distribution. Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Suiiuiiaiy uiid Cunclu.siuns 1 Outline of Reports 5 STEAM POWER PLANTS Report No. KURE-HIROSHBL\ AREA: 1 Saka 7 Separate NAGASAKI AREA: Report Nagasaki Steam (Classified) NAGOYA AREA: 2 Meiko 13 3 Nagoya 20 OSAIvA AREA: 4 Amagasaki No. 1 24 5 Amagasaki No. 2 33 6 Amagasaki East 45 7 Kasugade No. 1 48 8 Kasugade No. 2 51 TOKYO AREA: 9 Kawasaki 57 10 Senju 64 11 Tsurumi 67 12 Ushioda 78 HYDRO POWER PLANTS 13 Shimotaki 89 14 HIDA RIVER PLANTS 93 Imawaturi, Kaiiiiazo, Kawabe, Nagura, Ofunato, Osaka, Seto, Shichi.so, Shiinohara 15 KISO RIVER PLANTS 103 Kaneyama, Kasagi, Miura, Momoyama, Nczanie, Okuwa, 01, Ontake, Ochiai, Shizumo, Sahara, Tokiwa, Yomikaki 16 SAKU 120 SUBSTATIONS Page Separate HIROSHIMA AREA: Report Danibara (Secondary) (Classified) Oteniaehi (Secondary) Railway (Secondar\') Separate NAGASAKI AREA: Repoi't Industrial (Secondarj-) (Classified) Takekubo (Primary) Uragami (Primary) Zeiiiza (Primary) 17 NAGOYA SUBSTATIONS 130 Inuyama (Primary), Iwakura (Primary), Nisshin (Primary), Rokugo (Seeondaiy), and Taiko (Secondary) 18 MIE (Primary) 151 19 OSAKA SUBSTATIONS (Secondary) 101 Nakamoto, Sakurajinia, Sakaigawa, Dofomliori, Yamatogawa, antl Ishizugawa 20 YAO (Primary) 171 21 SIIK )JIRI (Primary) 179 22 KAWASAKI (Primary) 183 23 TOKYO (Primary) 188 Hauabata, Hatogaya, Kanieido, Keihoku, Kcinialsugawa, Wadabori 24 T( )K YO SUBSTATIONS (Secondary) 203 Chigasaki, Hachioji, Hongincho, Jukkengawa, Kojinuuhi, Nippon, Oshima, Ozaku, and Sugamo VI : SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1. The inspections of .lapancsc elect ri(^ f!;i'"<''''tt'n}; The total government-licensed available capacity of plants anil facilities were uudei'taken by the l']lectric the steam plants visited was 1 ,589,500 KW or 54 per- Power Division with the following objectives in view: cent of the capacity of puhhc utility steam generating (I. To (letenniiie the general condition and charac- plants, including railways, in all .Japan. These steam teristics of the plants and their wartime operations I)lants generated 2.4 billion KWH in 1943 or 40 per- and difficulties. cent of all steam generation. The total government- I). To study the effects of physical dainaije due to licensed available capacity of the hydro plants visited bombing where damage occurred anil the results on was 633,450 KW or 11 percent of the capacity of production. public utihty hydro generating plants, including rail- c. To estimate tlu> results that might have l)een ways, in all .Japan. These hydro stations generated olitained if damage had been inflicteil. 2.7 billion KWH in 1943 or 9.5 percent of all hydro (/. To ol)tain a measure of vidnerabilit>- and re- generation. All the generating plants (combined cuperability. steam and hydro) visited had a total capacity of e. To secure data on actual bombing results and 2,224,650 KW or 25 per cent of the capacity of all correlate it wdth intelligence assessment reports, as plants and generated 5.1 billion KWH in 1943 or well as to evaluate intelligence information. 14.8 percent of all generation. Japan does not have /. To secure such other facts as might be pertinent large hydro plants but a great number of smaller to the Survey. ones; therefore, though the number of hydro plants In order that all the plant reports might be made in visited does iiot reflect a large percentage of the an orderly manner, with the essential suljject matter total, they are very representative of the type of covered, all reports followed a definite outline, which plant that is found thi-oughout the country. The sub- follows this summary. stations visited totaled 2,111,900 KVA in trans- 2. Japan's generating plants are, with only very former capacitj' or 11.9 percent of the total for all minor exceptions, of two types, namely, thermal Japan. However, the amount of transformer capacity (sti'am) and hydro. All the steam plants use coal as does not alwaj's reflect the true importance of a sub- fuel. It is ol)tained principally from the islands of station, as often the switcliing and control effected Hokkaido and Kyushu and has heat values ranging are the real reason for its existence, and the amount from approximately 7,500 to 10,500 Btu. The hydro of transformed cuiient is only a fractional part of the plants are principally run-of-river type, as the recur- current that actually passes through the station. rence of earthquakes and the porous volcanic type of 5. A consolidated list of the plants visited together soil preclude the possibility of maintaining large con- with report number, size, generation, and a state- crete storage dams. There is, however, some storage. ment as to whether the station was damaged, follows It is principally natural, but there is also some artifi- Steam-Electric Generating Plants cial storage as the result of dams which are primarily Capacity used for diversion but act as storage as well. (1.000 KW) Report Name of 3. All types of plants and conditions were studied No. plant in order to secure a comprehensive cross section. EURE-HIROSHIMA AREA Steam plants in the Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, and Kure Saka areas were surveyed. Hydro plants in a number of NAGOYA area: locations were visited, but, in particular, plants on Meiko Nagoya two complete river developments, namely, the Hida OSAKA area: River and the Kiso River, were studied. In addition, 4 AmagasakI No. 1 numerous key primary transformer and switching 5 Amagasaki No. 2 6 Amagasaki East stations and secondary substations, as well as other 7 Kasugade No. 1 vital equipment or strategic points, were thoroughly 8 Kasugade No. 2 covered. TOKYO area: a Kawasaki 4. total of 13 steam plants, 24 hydro plants, A 10 Senju.- 16 primary (or transmission) substations, and 21 u Tsurumi 12 Ushioda secondary (or distrilmtion) substations were \asited. Nagasaki Of these, 8 steam plants, 1 hydro plant, 9 primary (separate report) and 21 secondary substations had beeii damaged.