Anna Xymena Wieczorek Migration and (Im)Mobility Culture and Social Practice Für meine Eltern Georg und Marianna Wieczorek Anna Xymena Wieczorek (Dr. phil.), born in 1985, obtained her PhD in socio- logy within the International Research Training Group “Diversity: Mediating Difference in Transcultural Spaces” at the University of Trier. Her research pro- ject included several stays abroad at the collaborating Université de Montréal as well as in Toronto and Berlin for field activities. Her research interests are migration, mobility and transnational studies as well as cultural, diversity and gender studies. Anna Xymena Wieczorek Migration and (Im)Mobility Biographical Experiences of Polish Migrants in Germany and Canada Diese Studie ist eine aktualisierte Fassung der Arbeit: »Patterns of (Im)Mobility: Revisiting Migration through Biographical Experiences in Germany and Canada«, die im Jahr 2016 am Fachbereich IV der Universität Trier als Dissertationsschrift angenommen wurde. 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Contents List of Tables, Figures, and Abbrevations | 9 Acknowledgements | 11 Introduction: How We Think of Migration and Mobility | 13 PART I: A PROPOSITION: EXAMINING MIGRANTS’ MOBILITIES THROUGH BIOGRAPHIES 1 From “Classical” and “New” Approaches in Migration Studies to the “Mobilities Perspective” on Migration | 27 1.1 “Classical” Approaches in Migration Studies | 28 Assimilation | 28 Integration | 31 Multiculturalism | 36 What happens in the Country of Arrival? | 39 1.2 “New” Approaches in Migration Studies | 41 (Migrant) Transnationalism | 42 Diaspora | 47 Cosmopolitanism | 48 What happens in the Country of Arrival, in the Country of Origin, and/or in other Destinations? | 52 1.3 Mobility Studies as a New Research Perspective on Migration | 54 The “Mobilities Paradigm” | 54 Conceptualizing (Im)Mobility | 57 The Relation of Migration Studies and Mobility Studies | 61 2 (Im)Mobile Individuals: Studying Their Biographies | 67 2.1 Approaching the Field: Methodology, Methods, and Sampling Strategies | 68 Accessing Mobilities through Biographical Research | 68 Autobiographical Interviewing | 72 Research Design and Sampling Strategies | 74 2.2 Leaving the Field: Sample, Narratives, and the Construction of a Typology | 78 Characteristics of the Sample | 78 Analyzing Biographical Narratives | 80 Constructing an Empirically Grounded Typology | 81 PART II: PATTERNS OF (IM)MOBILITY: READING LIVES AND INTERPRETING BIOGRAPHICAL NARRATIVES Excursus on the Country of Origin: Poland | 89 A Note on my Respondents’ Life Stories | 99 3 Immobility: The Immobile Pattern of Mobility | 101 3.1 Anja: “The One Who Talks about Multiculturalism but Practices Assimilation” | 102 Sense of (no) Belonging? Aversive Discourses and Dark Imaginaries of Poland | 103 Assimilationist Behaviour in a Multicultural Context | 107 Antagonisms and Aversive Mobility | 111 3.2 Sandra: “The One Who Teaches Her Parents How to Speak German” | 113 When Kids Educate their Parents: Collective Integration through Reversed Family Roles | 114 About Successful and Unsuccessful Integration: The Effect of the Social Milieu | 118 Reintroducing the Polish Language after Successful Integration? | 123 Cultural Ambiguity in a Settled Life | 127 3.3 Janusz, Part I: “The One Who Speaks Polish Worse than His Brother” | 134 Two Educational Models in a Bi-Ethnic Family | 134 Marginalizing “Polishness” | 138 3.4 Immobility: Incorporation, Aversion, and Sedentariness | 140 4 Transmobility: The Transnational Pattern of Mobility | 145 4.1 Janusz, Part II: “The One Who Speaks Polish Better than His Brother” | 146 New Language, New Possibilities | 146 Transnationalising Relationships | 151 The Mobile Search for a Profession | 154 Cultural Irritations under the Condition of Mobility | 159 Self-Acknowledgement through Language Acquirement | 163 4.2 Oscar: “The One Who Could be Anything in a Weird Way” | 165 Aristocratic Nobility and Diasporic Mobility | 166 A Limited Scope of Montreal: Growing up within the Polish Community | 169 Broadening the Scope: Experiencing Montreal’s Diversity | 174 From Canada’s Heterogeneity to Poland’s Homogeneity | 181 The Simplicity of European Mobility | 187 Looking Back and Looking Ahead | 190 4.3 Malinka, Part I: “The One Who Wants to Emigrate” | 193 Transnational “Motherhood” Reversed: Living a Transnational “Childhood” | 194 Between Regret and Integration | 199 Perceiving “Origin” in a Transnational Context | 202 Immigration or Mobility? | 203 4.4 Transmobility: Cross-Border Ties and Bi-or Multilocal Mobility | 213 5 Cosmobility: The Cosmopolitan Pattern of Mobility | 219 5.1 Malinka, Part II: “The One Who Does Not Want to Emigrate” | 220 Mobility as a Strategy for Disappearing | 220 Studying, Commuting, Going Abroad, and Travelling | 224 Slowing Down: From Hypermobility back to Sedentariness? | 230 5.2 Francis: “The One Who Just Does Not Live in the Same Place” | 236 Roots of Mobility in an Aristocratic Diaspora | 237 Transnationality under the Condition of Mobility | 241 “Polishness” and the Construction of Social Class | 246 A Sporty Souvenir from Kenya | 247 New Possibilities in a New Place | 250 Contextual Self-Understanding and Travelling Origins | 252 5.3 Cosmobility: Open Mobility and the “Homing-Effect” | 254 PART III: MAKING SENSE OF MOVEMENTS: TOWARDS A “MOBILITIES PERSPECTIVE” IN MIGRATION STUDIES 6 Revisiting Migration through the Patterns of (Im)Mobility | 261 6.1 Reading Migration between Experiences and Theories | 262 Mobility as an Element of the Past: Sedentary Social Advancement and Assimilation | 262 Mobility as Bi-Locality: Mobile Paths of Integration and (Migrant) Transnationalism | 269 Mobility as a Way of Life: Mobile Engagement with the World and Cosmopolitanism | 275 6.2 The Spatial, Temporal, and Social Dimensions of (Im)Mobility | 282 Modalities of the Three Dimensions | 282 The Analytical Circle of Sociological Dimensions | 285 6.3 The Continuity of (Im)Mobility | 287 Reassessing Migration Theories | 287 The Contribution of the Study to Current Scholarly Debates | 290 Conclusion: How to Rethink Migration and Mobility | 293 References | 297 List of Tables, Figures, and Abbreviations TABLES Table 1: Types of Social Integration of Migrants and Ethnic Minorities | 32 Table 2: Acculturation Strategies | 34 Table 3: In-Depth Analyses of Life Stories | 85 Table 4: Characteristics of the Patterns of (Im)Mobility | 281 FIGURES Figure 1: Result 1: Spatial and Temporal Dimensions of the Patterns of (Im)Mobility | 283 Figure 2: Result 2: Social Dimensions of the Patterns of (Im)Mobility | 284 Figure 3: Result 3: The Analytical Circle of the Patterns of (Im)Mobility | 286 Figure 4: Reassessing Migration Theories According to the Continuum of (Im)Mobility | 289 ABBREVATIONS USED a.o.: amongst others A/N: author’s note ch.: chapter Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank the interviewees of this study—the young adults of Polish heritage in Montreal, Toronto, and Berlin—for sharing their amazing stories with me and for making my stay in each of these places un- forgettable. The study would have not been possible without them. I would like to express my gratitude to the International Research Training Group (IRTG): “Diversity—Mediating Difference in Transcultural Spaces” for making their support available in a number of ways: providing an inspiring scholarly environment in Trier, Saarbrücken, and in Montreal as well as giving me scientific and financial freedom. I am deeply grateful to my supervisors, Prof. Dr. Martin Endreß (University of Trier) and Prof. Dr. Barbara Thériault (Université de Montréal). I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Endreß for his open mind, his patience, and his most valuable comments, which