Index Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) necrosis , 141 demographics and natural history , 77 presentation , 139–140 elective AAA repair , 79–80 severe acute pancreatitis , 141 EVAR , 80 severity, evaluation of , 139–141 imaging and surveillance , 77–78 Acute pelvic pain indications , 78–79 bladder , 320 infl ammatory aneurysms , 80–81 cervix/uterus preoperative considerations , 79 clinical diagnosis , 320 ruptured AAA repair , 79 dysmenorrhea , 321 Abdominal ultrasound , 292 endometritis , 321 Abdominal wall defects leiomyomata , 321 anatomy , 233 uterine perforation , 320–321 enterotomy , 237 fallopian tube , 321 history , 233 ovary imaging and preoperative workup , 233, 235 endometriosis , 321–322 mesh infection , 236 Mittelschmerz , 321 operative repair ovarian torsion , 321 laparoscopic approach , 236 PID/TOA , 321 nonsynthetic/natural tissue mesh , 236 ruptured ovarian cyst , 322 polypropylene mesh , 235 treatment algorithm , 319, 320 PTFE , 236 vagina synthetic mesh products , 235 diagnosis , 319 physical examination , 233 foreign bodies , 320 seromas , 236 laceration , 319 types , 233, 234 vaginal cuff dehiscence , 320 Abdominoperineal resection (APR) vulva , 319 anal cancer , 199 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) , 347 low anterior resection , 195 Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) , 241, 337, 339 Achalasia , 129 Adnexal masses Acral lentiginous melanoma , 266 differential diagnosis , 323, 324 Actinomyces , 272 management of , 323, 324 Acute cold leg prevalence , 323 decision making , 71–72 radiographic modality , 323 history , 71 treatment algorithm , 323, 325 physical examination , 71 ultrasound features , 323, 324 Acute liver failure , 243 Alcoholic liver disease , 244 Acute pancreatitis Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) , 284 edematous changes , 142 American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) , 262 ERCP , 142 American College of Surgeons Oncology Group , 255 fl uid collection , 142 American Society of Breast Surgeons , 256 mild acute pancreatitis , 139, 141 American urological association (AUA) , 305 T.J. Saclarides et al. (eds.), Common Surgical Diseases: An Algorithmic Approach to Problem Solving, 363 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-1565-1, © Springer New York 2015 364 Index Anal adenocarcinoma , 200 initial management , 49 Anal cancer positive fl uid and solid organ injury , 50 anatomy , 197, 198 positive fl uid without solid organ injury , 50 APR , 199 Bowen’s disease , 199 Bowen’s disease , 199 Branchial cleft cysts , 271 diagnosis , 197, 199 Breast cancer inguinal lymph nodes , 199 algorithm , 263, 264 location , 199 BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes , 263 lymphoma , 200 BRCA3 gene , 263 melanoma , 200 clinical and pathologic characteristics , 263 Paget’s disease , 200 recurrence rate , 264 signs and symptoms , 197 risk factors , 264 staging , 199 Breast conserving therapy (BCT) , 262 treatment algorithm , 197, 198 Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) , Anemia , 351 249, 253, 254 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors , 338 Bright red blood per rectum (BRBPR) , 205–206 Anorectal pain Budd-Chiari syndrome , 245 anal fi ssure , 201 Burn injuries anorectal infection , 202–203 primary survey hemorrhoids , 203 airway , 61 history and physical examination , 201, 202 breathing , 61 LAS , 201–202 circulation , 61 Anticoagulants secondary survey , 62–63 dabigatran , 13–15 treatment algorithm , 62 procedural bleeding risks , 13 thrombosis risks , 12–13 Carcinoid disease warfarin , 13 appendiceal carcinoids , 227 Appendiceal carcinoids , 227 diagnosis and treatment , 225, 226 Appendicitis gastric carcinoids , 225–226 diagnosis , 169–170 metastatic disease history and physical exam , 169 carcinoid heart disease , 228 management , 170–171 carcinoid syndrome , 228 Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis (AFAP) , 190 hepatic involvement , 227 Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) , 255, 256, 262 pulmonary carcinoid tumors , 225 rectal carcinoids , 227 Basal cell carcinoma serotonin and 5-HTP , 225 lymphoma , 200 small bowel carcinoids , 226–227 Paget’s disease , 200 Cardiac tamponade , 42, 355 Benign neoplasms , 273 Carotid bruit Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) , 305 background , 17 Bilateral spontaneous discharge , 259 carotid artery stenting , 18 Bladder carotid endarterectomy , 17–18 differential diagnosis and management , 56 evaluation , 17 urologic imaging , 55 medical management , 17 Bleeding post-operative management , 18 causes , 7 Cat scratch disease , 273 lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage , 185–186 Cervix pelvic fractures , 51–52 clinical diagnosis , 320 preoperative evaluation dysmenorrhea , 321 antiplatelet agents , 7 endometritis , 321 coagulation factor defects , 9–10 leiomyomata , 321 disseminated intravascular coagulation , 9 uterine perforation , 320–321 herbs and compounds , 8 Chest pain medications , 7–8 cardiac etiology , 343–344 patient’s family history , 7 defi nition , 343, 344 platelet dysfunction , 9 gastrointestinal causes , 344–345 Blood pressure (BP) , 355 patient evaluation , 343 Blunt abdominal trauma patient history , 343 FAST examination , 49–50 pulmonary , 344 Index 365 vascular disorders , 345 Crohn’s disease vital signs , 345 diagnosis , 161–162 Chlamydia trachomatis , 327 manifestations , 161 Cholelithiasis medical treatment , 162 asymptomatic cholelithiasis , 209, 210 surgery , 162–163 symptomatic cholelithiasis Cushing’s syndrome acute cholecystitis , 209–210 ACTH-dependent cause , 96 biliary pancreatitis , 211 diagnosis , 95–96 chronic cholecystitis , 211 inferior petrosal sinus sampling , 96 duct stones , 210–211 signs and symptoms , 95 gallstone ileus , 211 treatment , 97 Cholestatic diseases , 244 Chronic kidney disease (CKD). See Renal transplantation Dabigatran , 13–15 Chronic lower extremity ischemia DCIS. See Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) angiography , 68–69 Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis critical limb ischemia , 67 chemical VTE prophylaxis , 20–21 functional limb ischemia , 67 contraindications , 21–22 history , 67 regimens , 20 interventions , 69 risk assessment , 19–20 medical management , 69–70 treatment algorithm , 21 noninvasive diagnostic studies , 67–68 Delayed cholecystectomy , 210 physical exam , 67 Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) , 337 treatment algorithm , 68 Dialysis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) , 343, 352 access planning , 82–83 Chronic pancreatitis hemodialysis Beger procedure , 144 autogenous primary fi stula , 85 complications , 145 autogenous secondary fi stulas , 85 diagnosis , 143–144 non-autogenous grafts , 85–86 etiology and pathogenesis , 143 permanent catheters , 85 fi brotic gland , 145 preoperative assessment , 83–84 Frey procedure , 145 incidence , 82 localized infl ammatory process , 145 indications , 82 modifi ed Puestow procedure , 144 peritoneal dialysis pancreatic leak and pleural fi stulas , 145 catheter insertion techniques , 86–87 presentation and physical examination , 143 complications and management , 87 pseudocysts , 144 pediatric considerations , 87 puestow procedure , 145 preoperative assessment , 86 Clostridium diffi cile , 342 Diaphyseal fractures , 59 Colon cancer Diffi cult airway management postoperative period , 183 algorithm , 35 preoperative assessment , 182 cricothyrotomy , 34 screening , 181–182 defi nition , 33 surgical resection , 182–183 elective tracheostomy , 36 Colorectal cancer emergent tracheostomy , 34 AFAP , 190 Mallampati classifi cation , 33, 34 familial colorectal cancer , 191 noninvasive airway techniques , 33 FAP , 189–190 patient history , 33 Gardner’s syndrome , 191 urgent tracheostomy , 36 HCRCS , 189 videolaryngoscopy , 34 HNPCC , 191 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) , 9 Juvenile polyposis syndrome , 191 Diverticulitis MAP , 190 background , 173 Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome , 191 differential diagnosis , 173 Turcot’s syndrome , 191 fi stula , 174–175 Compartment syndrome , 57 initial evaluation , 173 Congenital neck masses , 271 mild diverticulitis , 173 Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) , 348 moderate to severe diverticulitis , 174 Costovertebral angle (CVA) , 306 percutaneous abscess drainage , 175 Cricothyrotomy , 34 peritonitis , 173–174 Critical limb ischemia , 67 timing of surgery , 175 366 Index Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) Gallbladder , 279 ALND , 262 Gastric carcinoids , 225–226 DCIS subtypes , 261 Gastrinoma diagnosis , 261 background , 111 follow-up mammography , 262 diagnosis , 111 mastectomy , 261–262 localization , 111–112 risk factors , 261 medical management , 112 SLN biopsy , 262 presentation , 111 treatment algorithm , 262 surgical treatment , 112–113 Duhamel procedure , 297 Gastroesophageal refl ux disease (GERD) , 343 Dysphagia evaluation and initial management , 137 barium swallow study , 129 incidence , 137 cancer , 131 patient presentation , 137 diverticula , 129–130 surgical management , 137–138 gastroesophageal refl ux , 131 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract , 283 history and physical exam , 129 Genitourinary (GU) tract , 283 obstruction , 130–131 Glanzmann thrombasthenia , 9 primary motility disorders , 129 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) , 322 Graves disease , 101 Electrocardiographic (ECG) , 73–74 Gustilo-Anderson classifi cation system , 58 Endometriosis , 321, 322 Endometritis , 321 HD. See Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) Endoscopic cholangiography (ERCP) , 214 Head trauma Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography air sinus fractures , 31 (ERCP) , 211, 281 blunt head trauma , 30 Endoscopic therapy , 223 CSF fi stula , 31 Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) , 210, 214 laboratory evaluation , 29 Endovascular AAA repair (EVAR) , 80 neurological evaluation ,