2: The English Lute Repertory CHAPTER 2 THE ENGLISH LUTE REPERTORY … we doubt not of that truth, that will help us to believe that the lute is fit to assuage the passions … This heavenly harmony, rising unto the brain as an intellectual dew, does moisten gently the heat and dryness of it and if there be too much moisture and terrestrial vapours it dissipates and dries them by the melodious activity that produces a subtle fire[.] … it followeth that this harmony set aright the faculties of the soul and perfect them. If the heart be closed it openeth it and if it be too much opened, it gently shutteth it to embrace and keep in the sweetness that the lute inspires into its sensible concavities. … This harmony softens stony hearts and banishes the cruelty from it to give room to compassion[;] it turneth out hatred to lodge in love. Mary Burwell.1 * SHAPE AND SURVIVAL GENRES SOURCES BEFORE 1580 SOURCES 1580-1615 SOURCES AFTER 1615 THE 'GOLDEN AGE' * MUSIC SURVIVING FOR THE LUTE in French tablature emerges from three tablature traditions: French, German and Italian. The repertory in Italian tablature is the one that has fewest overlaps with the French repertory and the tablatures themselves have little in common beyond their six-line system. Since German tablature was becoming more and more unwieldy, most Germanic lute publications and manuscripts from the end of the sixteenth century on used French tablature: it also broadened the market to include most of Europe. Melchior Newsidler attempted to introduce Italian tablature in Germany with his two 1566 publications, Il primo libro intabolatura di liuto di Melchior Neysidler… and Il secondo libro intabolatura di liuto di Melchior Neysidler…, but the project appears to have been unsuccessful, as he re-issued the two books as one in German tablature, Tabulatura continens praestantissimas et selectissimas quasque cantiones, in usum Testudinis, à Melchiore Neusydler…, in 1573. There seems to be no particular reason for the adoption of French rather than Italian tablature in England, other than the geographical and political proximity of the countries. Most of the early English lute music to survive seems to have been influenced heavily by the Italian repertory, and almost not at all by the French. It could be argued that the Alps provided a natural barrier to a ready cultural exchange between Italy and the rest of Europe, though this does not seem to have affected the movement of composers and players or their immigration into England to any great extent. However, France was geographically the nearest centre and ties between England and this part of the continent 1 Burwell, 43-43v. 35 2: The English Lute Repertory were particularly close at this time. One major reason for the continuing preference for French rather than Italian tablature in England in during the 1590-1610 period was the prevalence of music for seven- and eight-course lutes, with fretted chromatic notes on the basses (e.g. all of Dowland's fantasias), which is much easier to show in French tablature than in Italian. The fondness for fretted basses on seven- and eight-course instruments does seem to be a particular trait of English music in a period where, rather than using chromatic fretting, most of Europe was gravitating towards the use of multiple diatonic basses. The designation 'French' does not stem simply from modern musicology, as contemporary writers also used the term. The development of this type of tablature though, seems to have had little to do with political and geographical boundaries, most of which were in a state of flux at this time. It may be more accurate to describe it as Anglo-French, as instances of Italian tablature in English sources are very rare, and often limited to rather unusual circumstances,2 suggesting that French tablature was as much the norm in England as it was in France, and probably originated at the same time. There is little doubt that it was this tablature that was pre-eminent in Europe. French tablature sources abound in western Europe, and even sources that contain an otherwise purely Italian or German repertory can use this more versatile system. Italian and German tablatures, on the other hand, are rarely found outside their respective countries of origin (though German tablature was used in several areas of northern Europe), and sources contain far less English and French music than is found in French tablature collections originating from those two countries. The music that survives in French tablature spans production from many countries, including Germany, the Netherlands, the Baltic states, Poland and even northern Italy. Given the shortcomings of German and Italian tablatures, it is hardly surprising that a fair quantity of continental music found its way into English sources. One would expect to find a reasonable amount anyway, given the climate of cultural growth and exchange that prevailed in Europe during the sixteenth century. Lumsden divided the sources that he knew, giving date boundaries that correspond reasonably closely to those used here. Having set out all his sources and dated them, he divided them into five groups: the earliest manuscripts: 1550-1560; the earliest printed books: 1560-1570; the development of style—the influence of early and foreign music: 1570-1590; the Classical period: 1590-1615; the decline of the English school and rise of the French school; old-fashioned sources: 1615-1640. Since many of the dates he proposes for sources are ill-defined and thus inaccurate—sometimes by several decades—his broad groupings rarely contain all the right sources, and thus he was misled when defining the date limits of each field. However, it is noteworthy that, despite this handicap, his conclusions about the broad canvas defined by the sources are essentially correct. §S HAPE AND SURVIVAL The music of the English lute school that survives today is preserved in about 85 manuscript and five printed sources, containing 2100 different pieces with a further 1230 concordances, giving a total of 2 The Paston Manuscripts, see Chapter 3, p.82. 2: The English Lute Repertory 3330 works. This constitutes a considerable body of information with which to assess the influences that came to bear on the development of an English lute style. The English Lute repertory is characterised by a surge in the production of indigenous solo music between the years 1580 and 1615. Around its origins in the mid sixteenth century, several small pieces with French titles appeared in English musical or literary manuscript sources, and the French style of notation was adopted throughout. More noticeable in the music, though, is influence from Italy, probably due to the vogue for Italian musicians at court, which strongly influenced fashions among the nobility—the class with the leisure to cultivate music—and eventually filtered through to the lower classes. From 1580, the English repertory began to deviate from widespread continental norms, establishing a 'National' style, and after 1615 was finally dominated by music from Europe, particularly France, the latter period being exemplified by what later came to be known as 'transitional' tunings. Until about 1625, lutes were almost exclusively tuned in vieil ton, but the march of technical and virtuosic progress also heralded new experimental tunings that would allow more adventurous chordings, mostly originating in France. Most simply involved the retuning of one of the courses up or down by a tone or semitone, though a few were more complex. Depending on its frequency of use and the supposed inventor, some were known by the name of their inventor, such as 'Gauthier', 'Mesangeau' or 'Mersenne's Extraordinaire', but most were so infrequently used as not to merit any title. Tables 4 and 5 indicate the range of printed and manuscript sources in which the English repertory survives. Table 4 lists the sources of English solo lute music: Group One contains the early sources from the earliest known c1530 up to 1580 when there is a discernible shift in emphasis in both contents and style of compilation; Group Two lists sources written from 1580 to 1615; and Group Three lists sources after 1615 up to c1630. Table 5 represents foreign sources which contain English music, divided in the same way as in table 4. The repertory under examination is entirely English, since only one manuscript survives from Scotland during this period, a collection of psalms and intabulations of keyboard music for a 5-course instrument, none of which have concordances with other manuscripts from the period.3 Anything not compiled or published in England is referred to as foreign or continental. TABLE 4 ENGLISH LUTE SOURCES GROUP 1 - EARLY SOURCES 1530-1580 MANUSCRIPT: RA58 - considered to be the earliest source of English lute music: insertions in a manuscript of tenor parts for song tunes, oblong quarto format, c1530. 60577 - two fragments of very early lute tablature, written into a large volume of liturgical commentary originating with the Bishops of Winchester, and covering the years 1500- 1550. The lute fragments probably date from c1540, possibly earlier. One title in French. Upright format, almost as large as folio. Stowe389 - another fragmentary source, this time inserted into a list of household accounts associated with the court, mostly song tunes and a passamezzo. Inscribed: Raphe Bowle to learne to playe on his Lutte in anno 1558. 3 GB-Edinburgh University Library Ms.La.III.487 (written by Sir William Mure of Rowallan, and containing some of his own compositions) c1600. 2: The English Lute Repertory Lodge - solo music, oblong quarto, 1559-c1575. Osborn - mostly song settings, oblong quarto format, c1560. Willoughby - oblong quarto format collection of 47 solo or duet lute pieces by a number of scribes associated with the Willoughby household, also includes some keyboard music, c1560-85.