From the sea to the skin How algae adaptations benefit skin & hair? Laure-Anne GILLON Summary Introduction I - Algae definition II- Types of algaes II - How can they benefit skin & hair Conclusion How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 Introduction The world of algaes Often experienced in “bad situations” (local lakes, green swimming pools, fishing holes, sea algaes when swimming,...) Primary importance: . Ecological role as oxygen producer . Food base for almost all aquatic life . Economically important as a source of crude oil Kombu . Source of food, pharmaceutical & industrial products for humans ...For food: ...Algae contents: . high protein content, vitamins & . agar, carrageenans,... Wakame minerals,... 100 species of marine algaes . can also be used as stabilizer consumed, especially in Asia. in food, paint, even cosmetic… . Main ones: brown kelps [Laminaria sp. Mostly produced in Chile & (Kombu) & Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame)] & red Asia algae [Porphyra sp.(Nori) & Gracilaria sp.] Nori Sources:https://www.veggie.news/2017-08-24-kombu-sources-health-ben → Why Algae can be so interesting for industry ? efits-nutrients-uses-and-constituents-at-naturalpedia-com.html https://www.flickr.com/photos/fotoosvanrobin/3644416895 https://www.sushi.com/articles/what-is-nori How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 Introduction The algae productivity Productivity of brown seaweeds is 6 to 10 times higher than land plants such as corn or sugar cane Brown seaweed Sugar Cane Corn 250 T © H- BIOTECHMARINE – FOTOLIA - GOODSHOOT 30 T 22 T Dry matter/Hectare Dry matter/Ha Dry matter/Ha How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 Introduction The algae diversity A WORLD TO EXPLORE! 13000 Only macroalgaes 50 of them identified used in cosmetics in the world ®BIOTECHMARINE How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 I. Algae definition How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 I. Algae definition How to define an algae "Algae" is a general term covering diversified organisms capable of producing oxygen through photosynthesis. Their photosynthetic pigments are more varied than those of plants, and their cells have features not found among plants & animals. Algaes are: - Eukaryotic organisms (with nucleus). Differentiates them from bacterias. - Autotrophs and more specifically photoautotrophs (use of light energy to generate nutrients). Differentiates them from protozoa and fungi. But can also be heterotrophs (can need some ®BIOTECHMARINE outside nutrients) → mixotrophy How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 I. Algae definition Photosynthesis ability SEAWEEDS use: . CO2 + Water + light → organic substances through photosynthesis . Inorganic nutrients issued of water (N,P,C, Si,...) . Minerals salts © BIOTECHMARINE Source: www.ck12.org How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 I. Algae definition What makes them different from plants? Unlike plants, algaes do not have tissue differentiation: - no true roots, stems or leaves - no vascular system for water circulation - no multicellular reproductive structures (plants always contain fertile gamete-producing cells surrounded by sterile cells), but reproduction by spore or cell division. Algaes are simple organisms (unicellular or more complex) which makes them able to evolve faster, survive in a wide diversity of environments & under numerous stresses. ex: Fast adaptation to climate change: with higher t°, water acidification leads to smaller algaes in size, dividing faster & producing more biomass. Colony of complex algaes: Volvox How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 I. Algae definition Wide diversity ASPECT .Size: microscopic or macroscopic. For example: Picoplankton are between 0.2 to 2 micrometers in diameter, while the fronds of giant kelp are as large as 60 meters (200 feet) in length. .Complexity: Unicellular (diatoms) or multicellular, can form colonies. Cells are generally similar, but some are differentiated for reproduction & for other functions. (Ex: air bladders to float) .Shape: filamentous, tubular, meshed, membranous,... .Colour: green, red, brown & blue ®HEOS MARINE - BIOTECHMARINE (depending on the pigments content). Seaweeds refer to macroscopic, Was first criteria used to classify the algaes. multicellular algaes. How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 I. Algae definition Wide diversity HABITAT . The majority of algaes lives in . Algaes can endure ranges of temperatures, oxygen or carbon dioxide concentrations, aquatic habitats: freshwater & acidity, turbidity, osmotic & water pressures, saltwater. waves,... Some are also able to survive on Example: Giant kelps are found more than 200 . land, or unexpected places: tree meters below the polar ice sheets, while the trunks, animal fur, snow banks, hot unicellular green algal species Dunaliella salina is found in very salty (hypersaline) environments ®BIOTECHMARINE springs, desert,... such as the Dead Sea. SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Example: Some algaes can form symbiotic relationships with other organisms,for example non One provides the other provides an energy source a new habitat photosynthetic ones (sponges, mollusks, fungi,...). How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 II. Types of algaes How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 II. Types of Algaes Micro-algae: a huge marine source MICRO-ALGAE are also known as phytoplankton . Unicellular: exist individually or in chains or groups. 5 µm (Chlorella) to >100 µm (Spirulina) . Mobility in water . Extreme diversity but less than 30,000 are described in literature & only few are used. Produce 50% of the Earth oxygen, but marine vegetal biomass is weaker than terrestrial one as marine predation use quickly the micro-algaes production (phytoplankton, zooplankton, fishs ..) source: http://www.ecology.com/2011/09/12/important-organism/ . Strong intrinsic productivity of micro-algae, up to 10 times Estimation of 200,000 those of terrestre one (100t/ha/year) to 1 million species & this new .Production facilities being under the scope of many companies world is being more explored How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 II. Types of Algaes Macroalgaes 13,000 marine species all over the world (50 species used in cosmetics) . Old & large vegetal group . Well localized production, lives under environmental fluctuations . Commonly seen on the seashores, they cover most of . Easy to harvest aquatic & not deep fields (salted or not water) as they need light for . Biomass (different to terrestrial one) photosynthesis. rich in water, polysaccharides, sulfated ingredients, . They grow primarily in the anti-microbial ingredients,... intertidal zone (the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high . Capacity to filtrate water & tide) to concentrate its elements. ®BIOTECHMARINE How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 II. Types of Algaes > Green Macroalgaes CHLOROPHYTA group, 8000 sp. Green macro algae: small & thin-layered algae found towards the top of the water column, mainly in fresh water. Pigments: chlorophyll a & b (give its green color), α, β-carotene, lutein . Generally rich in minerals (Ca-Mg-PH-), stores polysaccharides (ulvan, glucuronic acid, fucoidan) . Expected to secrete less bioactives than brown & red algae, with less 300 molecules identified up-to-date. Mainly terpenoids as secondary metabolites ®HEOS MARINE - BIOTECHMARINE How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 II. Types of Algaes > Red Macroalgaes RHODOPHYTA group, 3700 sp. Pigments: chlorophyll a,d; a, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin (phycobiliproteins), α, β-carotene. Phycoerythrin pigment reflects red light & absorbs blue light (penetrating water to a greater depth). → Red algae can photosynthesize & live at greater depths. Particularly rich in phycocolloids (especially agar agar, carrageenans), vitamins . Expected to secrete many bioactives & secondary metabolites (terpenoids, alkaloids, polyphenols…), with more than 1500 molecules already identified: > All bioactives are present except phlorotannins > Main bioactives are isoprenoide & acetogenin ®HEOS MARINE - BIOTECHMARINE How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 II. Types of Algaes > Brown Macroalgaes PHAEOPHYTA group, 1500 sp. Brown macroalgae, known as kelp shades, tend to be very large & olive green or brown in colour due to abundance of fucoxanthin in the plastids. Pigments: chlorophyll a & c, fucoxanthin, β-carotene, lutein . Generally rich in hydrocolloids (special algae sugars), polyphenols, iodine. Expected to secrete many bioactives & secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, alkaloids,polyphenols . Complex anatomy: only superficial cells are photosynthetic . The most evolved category (endosymbiosis of red/green algaes), → the more content. ®HEOS MARINE - BIOTECHMARINE How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 III. How can algae benefit skin & hair? How algae adaptations benefit skin and hair - L-A Gillon - SCC Québec 10/23/18 III. How algae benefits skin & hair Stressful environment leading to adaptation ALGAE are facing many STRESSES 1. Light 2.