-2020 2019 Step 2 – Announcement of challenges on 04/11/2019; return of responses on 06/01/2020 to [email protected] PART I - Multiple Choice Questions - Finding the Right Answer for Each Question! Question 1. Let's compare our two neighboring telluric planets Earth and Mars. What is the wrong answer among the following? o The diameter of the planet Mars is smaller than that of the Earth o These two rocky planets have the same density o These two planets are rocky and each have at least one satellite o The atmosphere of Mars is 61 times thinner than Earth's o the surface gravity on Mars is only 38% of that of the Earth Question 2. It is not only on Earth that there are volcanoes. The volcanism of the planet Mars appeared almost four billion years ago. It would have known its maximum intensity at between 3.7 and 3.2 Ga, then would have weakened gradually. He has produced many volcanoes such as Olympus Mons, Pavonis Mons, Mons Ascraeus, Elysium Mons, Arsia Mons. Locate each of these volcanoes on the map below: o volcano 1> o volcano 2> o volcano 3> o volcano 4> o volcano 5> Question 3. Sort these volcanoes by altitude. Highest first (A), lowest last (E) o volcano has the highest> o volcano B> o volcano C> o volcano D> o volcano E the lowest> Question 4. Now compare volcanoes on both planets. On Mars, Olympus Mons has a diameter of 624 km at its base for an altitude of about 22 km. Mauna Kea in Hawaii is one of the highest volcanoes on Earth with an altitude of 9 km (from the ocean floor) for a diameter at its base of 180km. What is the most accurate statement: o Mons Olympus is less steep than Mauna Kea o Both volcanoes have a similar low slope of the order of 8% to 10% o Both volcanoes have a similar steep slope of about 25% o Mount Olympus does not look like Mauna Kea, which is a shield volcano o The Mauna Kea is much less steep than the Mons Olympus since it is lower Figure 6. The tow volcanoes drawn on a graph paper. Scales :horizontal 1:2 500 000 000; vertical 1:1 000 000 000 Drawing : Xavier Juan Question 5. Below is the topographic profile of the Mons Olympus in comparison with a Hawaiian volcano (the vertical scale is ten times smaller than the horizontal scale). Sea level From this information, choose the wrong proposition. o The island of Hawaii is the highest relief on Earth o The volume of the Mons Olympus is higher than that of the Hawaiian volcano because the atmospheric pressure on Mars is lower than on Earth. o Mons Olympus is a shield volcano o The volume of the Mons Olympus is higher than that of the Hawaiian volcano because the gravity on Mars is lower than on Earth. o The altitude of Mons Olympus has not been determined with respect to sea level Question 6 Mauna Kea is one of the largest shield volcano on Earth. A shield volcano is a volcano characterized by effusive eruptions producing fluid lava flows. Its relatively flat cone shape evokes that of a shield placed on the ground. It generally has, at its summit, a large volcanic crater. What kind of rock should we find most frequently on the slopes of the Mons Olympus? o Limestone rocks rich in fossils o Basalt type volcanic rocks o volcanic rocks of the andesite type o Silicified and charred woods o Saline rocks due to evaporation of water Question 7 During a volcanic eruption on Earth, many earthquakes occur before, during and after the emission of lava. Some volcanoes have seismometers that continuously record the seismic activity of the volcano. This is the case of Etna, which in December 2018 experienced a strong volcanic eruption. Below, we recorded the movement of the ground on a seismological station installed at the school of Bronté at the foot of the volcano Etna (Sicily). Each daily drive consists of 24 horizontal lines (one line for each hour of the day). All the unwinders are on the same scale. Help on: http://edumed.unice.fr/en/data-center/seismo Indicate the wrong answer: o The major eruption lasted about ten hours o Earthquakes occurred before and after the volcanic eruption o The major eruption began on December 24 around 9:10 am o Earthquakes occur only after the volcanic eruption o The recording of the major eruption is called a tremor Question 8 In previous recordings, there is a sudden change in the route on December 26 strong telluric shock on December 26 to a local earthquake. Look for the location and characteristics of this earthquake. Help: use the search engine on edumed.unice.fr/en/data-center/seismo Indicate the correct answer: The earthquake took place on December 26 in o 02h19m17s with a magnitude of 3.0 o 02h19m17s with a magnitude of 4.7 o 03h00m31s with a magnitude of 4.7 o 03h00m31s with a magnitude of 2.7 o 02h39m17s with a magnitude of 4.7 Question 9 On Mars too, there are earthquakes called 'marsquake'. It's historic! ... the InSight mission has recorded marsquakes since the seismometer is in place on Martian soil. The recording of one of these marsquakes is visible online on: https://insight.oca.eu/fr/data-insight Using the 'Marsview' software, note the arrival delay of the S waves from the P waves ... and using the hodochron, evaluate the distance between the SES sensor marsquake epicenter and InSight. Fill in the earthquake information: o earth time of the earthquake (to)> hh / mm / ss o The delay between the arrival of S and P waves (ts-tp)> ss o The epicentral distance estimated by the hodochrone> kms Question 10 The identified marsquake is 4440 km from the Arsia Mons volcano (one of Tharsis volcanoes). A distance far too big to evoke an earthquake due to a possible volcanic eruption. And yet, on a recent image of the Mars Express probe, from the top of Arsia Mons, a long white plume extending over 1500 km was photographed! Mars Express Visual Monitoring Camera - September 13, 2018 What phenomenon can it be? o A plume of smoke showing that the volcano is still active o A cloud of ice particles that develops under the wind o A whirlwind of sand and dust called 'dust devil' o The trace of a meteorite entering the Martian atmosphere o Formation of solid carbon dioxide under the effect of altitude PART II - Hello here the Earth? InSight and the planet Mars are followed by other students than you often in distant schools. You must contact a school participating in the challenge and discover with questions the following information: In which city is the semi-detached school to yours? How far are you from both schools? What is the most remarkable geological object near this school? A photo of the group of students from the twinned school with its logo? Procedure for this question: 1 / write to Namazu to have the contact of the twinned school to yours 2 / contact this school when Namazu will send you this contact 3 / ask your correspondents for your answers The points awarded for this part will be distributed in the same way to the two twinned schools. Part III. Reproduce the daily evolution of the temperature in the laboratory Tracking the temperature on the surface of Mars. The data coming from March also concern thermometers installed either outside or under the shield of the seismometer. Below is the regular evolution over several days (abscissa in terrestrial days / from February 14 to 19, 2019) of the data of these thermometers. The data is on the same scale. Temperature under the shield Outside temperature 14/02/19 15/02/19 16/02/19 17/02/19. 18/02/19. 19/02/19 On Mars, the atmosphere is held, so there are sudden changes in the outside temperature that are related to the appearance and disappearance of the sun. In the morning on Mars, the sun rises and this causes an increase in the outside temperature which reaches a maximum during the day. Then at the end of the day, the solar energy decreases and the outside temperature too. At the same time, the temperature under the shield shows the same daily evolution but with less amplitude and slight shift. This is proof that the heat shield placed on the seismometer is effective to limit thermal variations. You will reproduce this phenomenon in class. It will be necessary to realize a small experiment (described below), to film it and to transmit it to us. Use two similar thermometers, warm the atmosphere close to these thermometers for a few seconds (dry hair, heating, your hands!), Then let the thermometers cool down. However, leave a thermometer in the open air, and place the second in a box, a container equipped with an insulator (plastic bubble, polystyrene ...). Note the evolution of the two thermometers when they are heating, then note the decrease of the temperature of each sensor being cooled. The two thermometers are warmed up Evolution of the temperature ? Isolated sensor Possible help on> http://edumed.unice.fr/fr/contents/news/tools-lab/RISSC > THERMO sensor .