INIS-mf—1 5509 University of Jordan J09600040 Faculty of Graduate Studies f’'r*dit.i(c Department of Engineering Mnthrm.'Ucs nncl Physical Science: SHALE OIL COMBUSTION 13 Y MOHAMMED AW WAD ALI AL-DABJJAS SUPERVISOR Dr. MOHAMMED II AMD AN AND Dr. V. II. KHRA1SIIA Submitted in partial fulfillment of Hie requirements for the degree of master of science in mechanical engineering. Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Jordan. Amman , Jordan May , 1002 tr** POUR QUALITY I ORIGINAL 8 Ns OS u We regret that some of the pages in this report may not be up to the proper legibility standards, even though the best possible copy was used for scanning The Examining CommiU.ee considers this thesis satisfactory and acceptable for Ui award of the Degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering in MAY, 1992. Dr. Mohammed Hamdan Chairman of Conrfhittee Mechanical Engineering Department University of Jordan Dr. Y. II. Khraisha Chemical Engineering Department University of Jordan Dr. S. A. Saved Member of Committee Chemical Engineering Department University of Jordan Dr. M. Ham mad Member of Committee Mechanical Engineering Department University of Jordan Dr. Ali Badran Member of Committee Mechanical Engineering Department University of Jordan To my mother and father I Acknowledgements H. is of my pleasure to express my gratitude to all people who helped me in completing the present work. Special thanks are indebted to my supervisors Dr. M. Hamdan and Dr. Y. Khraisha, whom without their support, encouragement and advice, my work could have been infinitely more difficult . Also special thanks are indebted to my family, especially my father and my mother for their advice and encouragement . Also I highly appreciate the great assistance conducted through the mechanical engineering lab staff, computer center staff, industrial engineering department workship staff at the faculty of engineering and Technology. Also I highly appreciate the support ami great help given to me by Dr. M. Ilammad and AL-ICayyali Company for their help in providing live burner. The. Royal Scientific Society, especially Dr. Najclv Akeel for their help in carrying out the volumetric prod ­ uct concentration analysis, and Jordan Electricity Authority for their help in providing information about oil shale. Finally, not to forget, the support and great help to me by ell my friends throughout my research. JLJL Abstract A ’coutant ’ carbon steel combustion chamber cooled by water jacket was constructed to burn tliescl fuel and mixture of shale oil & diesel fuels. During experimental work air fuel ratio was determined , temperatures were measured using Chrornel/ Alumel thermocouple, finally the gasous combustion product analysis was carried out using gas chromatograph technique. The constructed combustion chamber was operating satisfac­ tory for several hours of conliuous work. According to the measurements it was found that: the flame temperature of a mixture of diesel imd shale oil fuels was greater Ilian the flame temperature of diesel fuel, and the suiter emissions of a mixture of tliescl and shale oil fuels was liighcr than that of diesel fuel. Calculation indicated that the dry gas energy loss was very high and the incomplete combustion energy loss was very small. Ill Contents Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................. i Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ ii List vf Figures viii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The Objectives of the Present Work ............... .............................................. 2 1.2 layout of the thesis.................................... 3 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Review of Efforts in Exploitation and Development of Oil Shale in Jordan 10 2.3 PRINCIPLE OIL SIIALE DEPOSITS ....................................................... 13 2.3.1 EL LAJJUN......................................................................................... J4 2.3.2 SULTANI............................................................................................ 15 2.3.3 Jurf ed Darawish................................................................................ 16 2.3.4 Altarat bin Ghudrnn .......................................................................... 17 2.3.5 Wadi Maghar.......................................................... 18 2.3.6 Nabi Musa............................................................................................ 19 3 THEORY OF COMBUSTION 21 2.1. Intoduclion ............................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Combustion of liquid fuels 22 3.3 Combustion of solid fuels 23 3.4 Combustion of gas fuels ............................................................................... 24 3.5 Type of flames .............................................................................................. 24 4 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS, CONDITIONS AND TECHNIQUES 27 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 27 4.2 Combustor component .................................................................................. 28 4.2.1 Combustor wall.................................................................. 28 4.2.2 Combustor Flame Tube ................................................................... 29 4.2.3 Exhaust pipe..................... "............................................................. 29 4.3 Existing facilities........................................................................................... 30 4.3.1 Oil burner nozzles ............................................................................... 30 4.3.2 Inlet nozzle ........................................................................................ 31 4.3.3 Temperature measurement ................................................................ 31 4.3.4 Air supply system............................................................................... 32 4.3.5 Riel supply systems................................. 33 4.4 Instrument measurement ............................................................................... 33 4.4.1 Velocity measurement ...................................................................... 33 4.4.2 Fuel consumption . '............................................................................ 34 4.4.3 Gas analysis ........................ 34 4.4.4 Heating value and energy losses ....................................................... 35 4.5 Type of liquid fuel used in experiment ....................................................... 36 4.0 Experimental observation ........................................................................... 38 4.7 Experimental procedure ............................................................................... 39 V 5 RESULTS 41 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 41 5.2 Flame Temperature Measurement ................................................................ 41 5.2.1 Temperature of diesel & mixture of shale oil and diesel ............... 41 5.2.2 Effect of air consumption on flame temperature........................... 41 5.2.3 Effect of fuel consumption on the flame temperature .................. 41 5.2.4 Effect of air fuel ratio on the flame temperature........................... 42 5.3 Stack temperature ........................................................................................ 42 5.3.1 Effect of air consumption on stack temperature ........................... 42 5.3.2 Effect of fuel consumption on stack temperature........................... 42 5.3.3 Effect of air fuel ratio on stack temperature .................................. 42 5.3.4 Effect of shale oil percentage on stack temperature ..................... 42 5.4 Volumetric concentration of the mean gaseous product ............................. 43 5.4.1 Effect of air consumption on volumetric concentration of the mean gaseous product .................................................................................. 43 5.4.2 Effect of fuel consumption on volumetric concentration of the mean gaseous product .................................................................................. 43 5.4.3 Effect of air fuel on volumetric concentration of the mean gaseous product ........................ 43 5.4.4 Effect of shale oil percentage on volumetric concentration of the mean gaseous product .................................................................... 43 5.5 Dry gas combustion loss...................................................................................... 44 5.5.1 Effect of air consumption on dry gas combustion loss .................. 44 \ 5.5.2 Effect of fuel consumption on dry gas combustion loss .................. 44 5.5.3 Effect of air fuel ratio on dry gas combustion loss ........................ 44 5.5.4 Effect of shale oil percentage in the mixture on dry gas combustion loss ....................................................................................................... 44 5.5.5 Effect of stack stack temperature on dry gas combustion loss ... 44 5.6 Incomplete combustion loss ........................................................................ 45 5.6.1 Effect of air consumption on incomplete combustion loss ............ 45 5.6.2 Effect of fuel