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THE ROLE OF SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES IN FACILITATING OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE OF ELITE ATHLETES WITH IMPAIRMENTS A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, in fulfilment for the degree of Master of Commerce: Sport Management Nyasha Mharakurwa (Student number: 200909906) Supervisor: Prof. C. Burnett Co-supervisor: Prof. C.J. Roux Johannesburg, 2016 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the study ............................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem statement ........................................................................................ 2 1.3 Aim and objectives ........................................................................................ 3 1.4 Hypotheses ................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Research design ........................................................................................... 4 1.6 Methodology and sampling ........................................................................... 4 1.6.1 Methodology ........................................................................................... 4 1.6.2 Sample ................................................................................................... 5 1.7 Delimitation ................................................................................................... 5 1.8 Limitations ..................................................................................................... 5 1.9 Concepts ....................................................................................................... 6 1.9.1 Long Term Athlete Development ............................................................ 6 1.9.2 High performance sport .......................................................................... 7 1.9.3 Impairment and disability ........................................................................ 7 1.9.4 Athletes with impairments ....................................................................... 8 1.9.5 Student-athletes with impairments .......................................................... 9 1.10 Structure of thesis ...................................................................................... 9 1.11 Significance and envisaged outputs......................................................... 10 1.12 Chapter summary .................................................................................... 10 2 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................. 11 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Disability and sport ...................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Perspectives on disability ..................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Linking disability to Paralympic Sport ................................................... 14 2.2.3 Historical overview on the institutionalisation of Paralympic Sport ....... 15 2.2.4 Athletes with impairments: Eligibility and classification principles ......... 21 2.3 Long term athlete development in a South Africa context ........................... 25 i 2.3.1 The development of AWI ...................................................................... 27 2.3.2 Development pathways and outcomes ................................................. 27 2.3.3 The LTAD model .................................................................................. 28 2.3.4 Key factors influencing LTAD for AWI .................................................. 32 2.3.5 Key pillars to support LTAD for AWI ..................................................... 36 2.3.6 Criticisms of the LTPD model ............................................................... 37 2.3.7 The role of stakeholders in LTPD ......................................................... 39 2.3.8 Resources ............................................................................................ 46 2.4 Student-athletes with impairments as a special population ......................... 49 2.4.1 Profiling the student-athlete .................................................................. 49 2.4.2 Student-athletes with impairments ........................................................ 52 2.4.3 Challenges facing S-AWI ...................................................................... 53 2.4.4 Institutional support to S-AWI ............................................................... 55 2.5 Stakeholders and strategic partnerships for S-AWI development ............... 59 2.5.1 National level ........................................................................................ 59 2.5.2 Provincial level ...................................................................................... 64 2.5.3 Local level ............................................................................................. 64 2.6 Chapter summary ........................................................................................ 65 3 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................... 67 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 67 3.2 Research design ......................................................................................... 67 3.3 Methodology ................................................................................................ 67 3.3.1 Quantitative data analysis ..................................................................... 67 3.3.2 Qualitative data analysis ....................................................................... 68 3.3.3 Document analysis ............................................................................... 69 3.3.4 Validity and reliability ............................................................................ 70 3.3.5 Procedures ........................................................................................... 71 ii 3.4 Sampling ..................................................................................................... 71 3.5 Recruitment and selection ........................................................................... 72 3.5.1 Inclusion ............................................................................................... 72 3.5.2 Exclusion .............................................................................................. 72 3.6 Ethical considerations ................................................................................. 72 3.7 Chapter summary ........................................................................................ 73 4 CHAPTER FOUR: PROFILING OF SAMPLE UNIVERSITIES ......................... 74 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 74 4.1.1 Chapter overview .................................................................................. 75 4.1.2 Methodological approach ...................................................................... 78 4.2 Profiling of sample universities .................................................................... 78 4.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 78 4.2.2 University of Pretoria ............................................................................ 79 4.2.3 University of Johannesburg .................................................................. 86 4.2.4 Stellenbosch University ........................................................................ 88 4.2.5 Tshwane University of Technology ....................................................... 93 4.2.6 University of the Witwatersrand ............................................................ 96 4.2.7 Theme summary ................................................................................... 99 4.3 High performance sport for AWI in sample universities ............................. 103 4.3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 103 4.3.2 Participation statistics ......................................................................... 103 4.3.3 Athlete demographic information ........................................................ 111 4.3.4 Theme summary ................................................................................. 111 4.4 Chapter summary .....................................................................................