TAXON: Erigeron bonariensis SCORE: 17.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Erigeron bonariensis Family: Asteraceae Common Name(s): Argentine fleabane Synonym(s): Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist bonar horseweed Erigeron crispus Pourr. flax-leaf fleabane hairy fleabane hairy horseweed large horseweed wavy-leaf fleabane Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 4 Nov 2015 WRA Score: 17.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Annual Herb, Crop Weed, Self-Fertile, Wind-Dispersed, Seed Contaminant Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 4 Nov 2015 (Erigeron bonariensis) Page 1 of 19 TAXON: Erigeron bonariensis SCORE: 17.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 n 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 y 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 n Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 4 Nov 2015 (Erigeron bonariensis) Page 2 of 19 TAXON: Erigeron bonariensis SCORE: 17.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of [Cosmopolitan weed. No evidence of domestication] "Perhaps native the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University to South America but nearly cosmopolitan in distribution..." of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. SOUTHERN AMERICA Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Northern South America: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Brazil: Brazil Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- Western South America: Bolivia; Peru grin.gov/. [Accessed 2 Nov 2015] Southern South America: Argentina; Chile; Paraguay; Uruguay" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- grin.gov/. [Accessed 2 Nov 2015] Creation Date: 4 Nov 2015 (Erigeron bonariensis) Page 3 of 19 TAXON: Erigeron bonariensis SCORE: 17.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "Although occurring mainly in warm temperate climates, it has wide adaptation to hotter climates and can be found in many sub-tropical regions, and even tropical zones especially at higher altitudes. In Europe, it is found mainly in the Mediterranean region, though has CABI, 2015. Conyza bonariensis. In: Invasive Species recently been recorded further north. There is little evidence for Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. preference regarding soil type. In Bhutan, it occurs at a wide range of www.cabi.org/isc altitudes, whereas C. floribunda is found mainly in lowlands, below 2000 m and C. canadensis tends to be restricted to higher altitudes, over 2000 m (Parker, 1992). C. bonariensis has been recorded at altitudes up to 3900 m in Bolivia (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2004)." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 4 Nov 2015 (Erigeron bonariensis) Page 4 of 19 TAXON: Erigeron bonariensis SCORE: 17.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "Naturalized: AFRICA Macaronesia: Cape Verde; Portugal - Azores, Madeira Islands; Spain - Canary Islands Northern Africa: Algeria; Egypt; Libya; Morocco; Tunisia Northeast Tropical Africa: Eritrea; Ethiopia East Tropical Africa: Kenya; Tanzania; Uganda West-Central Tropical Africa: Rwanda; Sao Tome and Principe West Tropical Africa: Ghana Southern Africa: Botswana; Lesotho; Namibia; South Africa; Swaziland ASIA-TEMPERATE Arabian Peninsula: Oman; Yemen Western Asia: Afghanistan; Cyprus; Egypt - Sinai; Iran; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Lebanon; Syria; Turkey Caucasus: Azerbaijan; Georgia China: China Eastern Asia: Japan - Honshu; Korea, South; Taiwan ASIA-TROPICAL Indian Subcontinent: Bhutan; India; Nepal; Pakistan; Sri Lanka Malesia: Malaysia AUSTRALASIA Australia: Australia New Zealand: New Zealand EUROPE USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. Northern Europe: United Kingdom Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Middle Europe: Belgium; Germany; Netherlands; Switzerland [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Southeastern Europe: Albania; Bulgaria; Croatia; Greece [incl. Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- Crete]; Italy [incl. Sardinia, Sicily]; Macedonia; Montenegro; Slovenia grin.gov/. [Accessed 2 Nov 2015] Southwestern Europe: France [incl. Corsica]; Portugal; Spain [incl. Baleares] NORTHERN AMERICA Northwestern U.S.A.: United States - Oregon Southeastern U.S.A.: United States - Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia South-Central U.S.A.: United States - New Mexico, Texas Southwestern U.S.A.: United States - Arizona, California, Utah Mexico PACIFIC North-Central Pacific: U.S. Outlying Islands - Midway Islands; United States - Hawaii Northwestern Pacific: Marshall Islands; Northern Mariana Islands; U.S. Outlying Islands - Wake Island South-Central Pacific: French Polynesia; Pitcairn Southwestern Pacific: New Caledonia; Niue SOUTHERN AMERICA Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; Barbados; Cuba; Dominica; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Martinique; Montserrat; Netherlands Antilles; Puerto Rico; St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Lucia; St. Vincent and Grenadines; Virgin Islands (British); Virgin Islands (U.S.) Mesoamerica: Belize; Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama Northern South America: Venezuela Western South America: Ecuador - Galapagos Islands" Creation Date: 4 Nov 2015 (Erigeron bonariensis) Page 5 of 19 TAXON: Erigeron bonariensis SCORE: 17.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of "Perhaps native to South America but nearly cosmopolitan in the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University distribution" of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "C. bonariensis was first described from Argentina and is probably native to the more temperate parts