© JAMILU ADAMU GARKUWA 2017 iii DEDICATION In loving memory of my father – Alhaji Adamu Garkuwa – who was second to none, to my precious mother, lovely wife, amiable daughter, step mothers, brothers, sisters, and friends, I dedicate this research to everyone who has patiently endured the pain of my absence during my stay in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Jazakumullahu Khairan. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All praises and adorations are due to Allah - the Lord of the worlds - for granting me the ability to complete this work. I am deeply grateful to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for offering me what is considered to be an opportunity that comes with remarkable significance. I acknowledge all the support given to me by the Architectural Engineering Department during my Master program here in KFUPM. I am grateful to my thesis advisor, Dr. Adel A. Abdou for his explicit explanations, patience, and guidance throughout my research. I am equally grateful to Dr. Ismail M. Budaiwi and Dr. Mohammad O. Babsail for their constructive criticisms and patience. I acknowledge the fatherly support and encouragement offered to me by Dr. Baqer M. Al- Ramadan, the Chairman of ARE department. My appreciation also goes to the entire members of the ARE department, mentors, colleagues, friends and well-wishers who have helped me in one way or the other. May Allah (S.W.T) reward you abundantly. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... VI LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... X LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ XI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... XVI ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. XIX XX ...................................................................................................................... ملخص الرسالة CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Objectives of the Study .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Significance of the Research .................................................................................................................. 4 1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Research ................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Research Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.7 Research Outcome ................................................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................... 9 2.1 Energy Utilization in Hot Climates (KSA as a Case Study) .................................................................. 9 2.2 Energy Conservation Practices in Office Buildings: Case Studies ...................................................... 10 2.3 Overview and Classification of Dynamic Facades .............................................................................. 12 2.3.1 Classification Based on Nature of Movement ..................................................................................... 16 2.3.2 Classification Based on Light Penetration Ability ............................................................................... 16 vi 2.4 Transparency of a BIPV and BIPV/T Panels ....................................................................................... 49 2.5 Importance of using CABS .................................................................................................................. 50 2.6 Cabs and Technology........................................................................................................................... 51 2.7 Dynamic Facades and Future Challenges ............................................................................................ 54 2.8 Challenges of Modelling and Simulating Dynamic Facades ............................................................... 55 2.9 Building Energy Simulating (BES) Tools ........................................................................................... 56 2.10 DesignBuilder Capabilities (V4.8) ....................................................................................................... 59 2.11 Summary of Findings........................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 3 MODEL DEVELOPMENT.................................................................... 63 3.1 Development of Dynamic Façade Model ............................................................................................ 63 3.1.1 Dynamic Façade Modelling ................................................................................................................. 64 3.1.2 Development of a Sample Block to Investigate the Developed Model ............................................... 65 3.1.3 Building Calibration and Simulation ................................................................................................... 68 3.1.4 How to Model a Dynamic Façade and Examine its Impact on Energy Saving Potential .................... 79 3.2 Adoption of Selected and Audited Office Building ............................................................................. 81 3.2.1 Building Description ............................................................................................................................ 81 3.2.2 Building Envelope Details ................................................................................................................... 83 3.2.3 HVAC System Details ......................................................................................................................... 86 3.2.4 Lighting Details ................................................................................................................................... 88 3.3 Development of Base Case Model (Static) .......................................................................................... 91 3.3.1 Phase I: Site Inventory ......................................................................................................................... 91 3.3.2 Phase II: AutoCAD Utilization ............................................................................................................ 92 3.3.3 Phase III: DesignBuilder Involvement ................................................................................................. 93 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................ 102 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 102 vii 4.2 Investigating the Energy Performance of Dynamic Facades ............................................................. 102 4.2.1 Dynamic Facades in DesignBuilder ................................................................................................... 103 4.2.2 Impact of Shading Devices on Load Parameters ............................................................................... 110 4.2.3 Methods of Achieving Dynamic Facade in DesignBuilder ............................................................... 112 4.2.4 Investigation of Actual Building Loads ............................................................................................. 121 4.2.5 Geometry Impact on Dynamic Façade’s Performance ...................................................................... 123 4.2.6 Configuring Dynamic Facades .......................................................................................................... 127 4.2.7 Investigating the Impact of Dynamic Facades ................................................................................... 132 4.2.8 Positioning of Dynamic Façade ......................................................................................................... 134 4.2.9 Dynamic Façade and Building Orientation ........................................................................................ 139 4.2.10 Performance of Dynamic Façade and Materials in DesignBuilder .......................................... 141 4.3 Investigation to Determine the Best Hvac System ............................................................................. 142 4.4 Investigating the Energy Performance of Dynamic Facades on Real Office Building ...................... 145 4.4.1 Investigating the Impact of Embedded Shading Devices................................................................... 146 4.4.2 Investigating the Impact of Dynamic Facades ..................................................................................