University of Latvia Faculty of Humanities Marina Platonova TERM FORMATION AND APPLICATION IN THE THEMATIC FIELD “ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY”: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS TERMINU DARINĀŠANA UN LIETOŠANA TEMATISKAJĀ LAUKĀ “VIDE UN EKOLOĢIJA”: KONTRASTĪVĀ ANALĪZE Doctoral Thesis Scientific Adviser: Dr.habil.philol., prof. A. Veisbergs Rīga 2011 Declaration of Academic Integrity I hereby declare that this study is my own and does not contain any unacknowledged material from any source. Date: May 5, 2011 Signed: 2 ABBREVIATIONS BT Broader Term GTT General Theory of Terminology ISO International Organization for Standardization IT Information Technology LSP Language for Special Purposes NT Narrower Term SL Source Language ST Source Text TA Target Audience TL Target Language TT Target Text 3 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Tables Table 1 Text Typology: Various Classifications page 69 Table 2 Examples of Terms with High Degree of Informativity page 80 Table 3 Abbreviated Terms Used in Several Scientific Technical page 83 Fields Table 4 Junction Constructions in English and Latvian page 101 Table 5 Examples of Prefixes in English and Latvian page 120 Table 6 Example of Componential Analysis page 133 Table 7 Application of the Latin Adjective Davidiana page 138 Table 8 Metaphorical Terms page 146 Table 9 Colour-Based Terms page 149 Table 10 Colour Terms of Greek and Latin Origin page 152 Table 11 Terms Based on Allusion page 156 Table 12 Translation of the BT and NT Variations of the Genus page 158 Prunus Table 13 Polysemous Faunal Terms page 163 Table 14 Examples of Internationalisms page 170 Table 15 Examples of Internationalisms, Used in the Original Form page 171 Table 16 Examples of Terms Represented by Descriptive- page 172 Functional Equivalents Table 17 Onomatopoeic Bird Names page 174 Table 18 Special Symbols Used in Environment-Related Texts page 176 Figures Figure 1 Model of Textual Environment: Levels and Dimensions page 74 of a Text Figure 2 Text in Context (adapted from Butt et al 2000) page 107 Figure 3 Similarity of Meaning: Classification of the Lexical Items page 127 in the Thematic Field “Environment and Ecology” Figure 4 The Link Between Metaphorical and Non-Metaphorical page 148 Terms 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Professor Andrejs Veisbergs for his academic guidance, constructive criticism, invaluable help and constant support. I would also like to thank my colleagues from the Institute of Languages, Riga Technical University, for sharing information and encouraging me in the process of conducting the research. I am particularly indebted to Professor Larisa Iljinska for providing valuable advice and inspiration, and for her contribution to important aspects of my research. Finally, I want to express my debt to my family and friends for their love and patience during the process of writing the dissertation. 5 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 8 1. Terminology: Origin and Development ........................................................................... 18 1.1. Terminology as Autonomous Scientific Field ........................................................... 18 1.2. Terminological Unit ................................................................................................... 21 1.3. Terminological Concept ............................................................................................ 23 1.4. Semantic Fields .......................................................................................................... 28 1.5. Representation of the Terminological Concept: Special Vocabulary Classification . 33 1.5.1. Terms of scientific and technical domain ........................................................... 35 1.5.2. Terms of Scientific and Technical Discourse ..................................................... 39 1.5.3. Words of general language used as terms .......................................................... 40 1.6. Traditional Schools of Terminology .......................................................................... 42 1.7. Modern Terminology Research ................................................................................. 55 1.8. Summary .................................................................................................................... 67 2. Text Analysis: Theory and Methodology ......................................................................... 70 2.1. Text Typology ............................................................................................................ 70 2.2. Standards of Textuality .............................................................................................. 77 2.2.1. Producer-Centred Standards of Textuality ......................................................... 80 2.2.1.1. Intentionality ................................................................................................... 80 2.2.1.2. Situationality ................................................................................................... 81 2.2.1.3. Informativity ................................................................................................... 83 2.2.2. User-Centred Standards of Textuality ................................................................ 85 2.2.2.1. Acceptability ................................................................................................... 85 2.2.2.2. Intertextuality .................................................................................................. 86 2.2.3. Content-Centred Standards of Textuality ........................................................... 88 2.2.3.1. Coherence ....................................................................................................... 90 2.2.3.2. Cohesion ......................................................................................................... 91 2.3. Context ..................................................................................................................... 106 2.4. Summary .................................................................................................................. 114 3. Contrastive Analysis of Terminology in the Thematic Field “Environment and Ecology” ................................................................................................................................. 117 3.1. Structural representation of Terminology in the Thematic Field “Environment and Ecology” ............................................................................................................................. 123 6 3.2. Similarity of Term Meaning: Synonymy, Variants and Doublets ........................... 130 3.2.1. Synonymy ......................................................................................................... 132 3.2.1.1. Synonyms with semantic shifts ..................................................................... 136 3.2.1.2. Synonyms with stylistic deviations/shifts ..................................................... 138 3.2.2. Doublets ............................................................................................................ 139 3.2.2.1. Etymological Doublets ................................................................................. 139 3.2.2.2. Coupled lexical items .................................................................................... 140 3.2.2.3. Translatological Doublets ............................................................................. 141 3.2.3. Variants ............................................................................................................. 143 3.2.3.1. Lexical variants ............................................................................................. 143 3.2.3.2. Terminography or Dictionary Variants ......................................................... 146 3.3. Semantic Shifts ........................................................................................................ 149 3.3.1. Metaphorical Terms ............................................................................................. 149 3.3.2. Colour –Based Metaphorical Terms .................................................................... 153 3.3.3. Metonymic Terms ................................................................................................ 157 3.3.4. Terms Created by Analogy .................................................................................. 158 3.3.5. Terms based on Allusion ...................................................................................... 159 3.4. Hyponyms / Hyperonyms ........................................................................................ 162 3.5. Polysemy .................................................................................................................. 163 3.6. False friends ............................................................................................................. 170 3.7. Loanwords: Culture-specific Terms and Internationalisms ..................................... 172 3.8. Onomatopoeic terms ................................................................................................ 177 3.9. Symbolic Representation ......................................................................................... 179 3.10. Summary .............................................................................................................