The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography Prelims-K80998.indd i 6/20/07 6:14:35 PM This page intentionally left blank The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography From the First Photo on Paper to the Digital Revolution MICHAEL R. PERES, MARK OSTERMAN, GRANT B. R OMER, NANCY M. STUART , Ph.D., J. TOMAS LOPEZ AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • O XFORD • PARIS • S AN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • S INGAPORE • S YDNEY • TOKYO Focal Press is an imprint of Else vier Prelims-K80998.indd iii 6/20/07 6:14:37 PM Acquisitions Editor : Diane Heppner Publishing Ser vices Manager : George Mor rison Senior Project Manager : Brandy Lilly Associate Acquisitions Editor : Valerie Gear y Assistant Editor : Doug Shults Marketing Manager : Christine Degon V eroulis Cover Design: Alisa Andreola Interior Design: Alisa Andreola Focal Press is an imprint of Else vier 30 Cor porate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford O X2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2008, Else vier Inc. All rights reser ved. No par t of this publication ma y be reproduced, stored in a retrie val system, or transmitted in an y form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocop ying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written per mission of the publisher . 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ISBN: 978-0-240-80998-4 For information on all F ocal Press publications visit our w ebsite at www .books.else vier.com 07 08 09 10 11 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China Prelims-K80998.indd iv 6/20/07 6:14:37 PM Contents Contributors vii Photography Programs in the 20th Photographers and Image Century Museums, Galleries, and Contributors ix Collections 94 About the Editor s xv Lynne Bentley-Kemp Acknowledgments xvii Introduction xix Photographic Higher Education in the United States 100 Nancy M. Stuart History and Evolution of Photography 1 Photographic Workshops: A Changing Mark Osterman and Grant B. Romer Educational Practice 107 Christopher Burnett Contemporar y Thoughts on the Histor y of Photograph y 3 Magazines: The Photographer s’ Press Grant B. Romer in the United States and Great Britain During the Transition Decade of the The Technical Evolution of 1960s 116 Photography in the 19th Centur y 5 David Brittain Mark Osterman Histories, Theories, Criticism 123 Introduction to the Biographies of Gary Sampson Selected Inno vators of Photographic Technology 17 African Americans as Photographer s Grant B. Romer and Photographic Subjects 132 David C. Hart Selected Photographs from the 19th Centur y 33 Biographies of Selected Photographer s Mark Osterman from the 20th Centur y 139 Robert Hirsch, Ken White, and Garie Waltzer Major Themes and Photographer s of the 20th Centur y 57 Nancy M. Stuart Contemporary Issues 209 J. Tomas Lopez Photography in the 20th Centur y 59 Nancy M. Stuart A Different Set of Questions for a New Age 211 Photography, Fine Ar t Photography, and J. Tomas Lopez the Visual Ar ts: 1900–2001 61 Saul Ostrow Academic and P edagogical Issues: Photography and Society in the 20th The Impact of Digital Imaging on Century 71 Photographic Education 213 Gretchen Garner Margaret P. Evans Photography and Desire: F ashion, Ethical Photojour nalism: Its Authenticity Glamour, and Pornography 84 and Impact 220 Bruce Checefsky John Kaplan v Prelims-K80998.indd v 6/20/07 6:14:37 PM vi Contents The Future of Publishing 228 Types of Studios 259 Millard Schisler Joseph DeMaio 100 Years from Now . 232 Photographic V irtual Reality 261 Daniel Burge John (Craig) Freeman Perception, Evidence, Truth, Potlatch, Auction, and the In-betw een: and Seeing 239 Digital Ar t and Digital Audiences 266 Richard Zakia A. D. Coleman The Photo Mar ketplace and The Pressure to Sta y Current 271 Contemporar y Image Mak ers 250 Barry Haynes Daile Kaplan Science as Ar t 282 The Photographic Studio of the 21st Michael R. Peres and David Malin Century 253 Doug Manchee Index 289 Prelims-K80998.indd vi 6/20/07 6:14:38 PM Contributors Lynne Bentley-Kemp, Ph.D. David C. Har t, Ph.D. Head of Photography Assistant Professor Florida Keys Community College Cleveland Institute of Art Key West, Florida, USA Cleveland, Ohio, USA David Brittain Barry Haynes AHRC Research Fellow Photographic Author Manchester Metropolitan University Gibsons, British Columbia, Canada Manchester, London, United Kingdom www.barryhaynes.com Daniel Burge Robert Hirsch Research Scientist Light Research Image Permanence Institute Buffalo, New York USA Rochester Institute of Technology www.lightresearch.net Rochester, New York, USA Christopher Bur nett Daile Kaplan Director Vice-President and Director of Photographs Visual Studies Workshop Swann Galleries, Inc. Rochester, New York, USA New York, New York, USA http://vsw.org John Kaplan Bruce Checefsk y Professor Director College of Journalism and Communications Reinberger Galleries University of Florida The Cleveland Institute of Art Gainesville, Florida, USA Cleveland, Ohio, USA www.johnkaplan.com A. D. Coleman J. Tomas Lopez Independent Photography Critic, Historian, Professor and Curator Art and Art History Staten Island, New York, USA University of Miami http://photocritic.com Coral Gables, Florida, USA Margaret P. Evans Associate Professor David Malin Astronomer/Photographic Scientist Communication/Journalism Department Anglo-Australian Observatory Shippensburg University Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, USA Adjunct Professor of Scientifi c Photography John (Craig) F reeman RMIT University Associate Professor Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Emerson College Boston, Massachusetts, USA Doug Manchee Associate Professor Gretchen Gar ner School of Photographic Arts and Sciences Photographic Author and Scholar Rochester Institute of Technology Columbus, Ohio, USA Rochester, New York, USA vii Prelims-K80998.indd vii 6/20/07 6:14:38 PM viii Contributor s Mark Oster man Millard Schisler Process Historian School of Print Media George Eastman House International Rochester Institute of Technology Museum of Photography Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Nancy M. Stuar t, Ph.D. Saul Ostrow Executive Vice President and Provost Associate Professor The Cleveland Institute of Art Chair, Visual Arts and Technologies Cleveland, Ohio, USA Head of Painting Garie Waltzer The Cleveland Institute of Art Photographer and Consultant Cleveland, Ohio, USA Photography Program Coordinator (Retired) Editor, Critical Voices in Art, Culture, and Cuyahoga Community College Theory Cleveland, Ohio, USA Routledge, United Kingdom Ken White Michael Peres Associate Professor Professor Fine Art Photography Biomedical Photographic Communications School of Photographic Arts and Sciences School of Photographic Arts and Sciences Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester , New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Richard Zakia, Ph.D. Grant B. Romer Professor Emeritus Director of Conservation School of Photographic Arts and Sciences George Eastman House International Rochester Institute of Technology Museum of Photography Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Gary Sampson, Ph.D. Associate Professor Liberal Arts Associate Dean Graduate Studies The Cleveland Institute of Art Cleveland, Ohio, USA Th e following individuals prepared entries for the 1969 edition of the Focal Encyclopedia of Photography Desk Edition or the Focal Encyclopedia of Photography, 3rd Edition, which have been reproduced in this Edition. Mary Street Alinder H. Har ting Arthur Chevalier C.H. Oakden R. Colson M. von Rohr Joseph DeMaio M.E. and K.R. Sw an J.C. Gregor y Prelims-K80998.indd viii 6/20/07 6:14:38 PM Photographers and Image Contributors Berenice Abbott Abraham Bogardus Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Arts George Eastman House Collection New York Pubic Library Rochester, New York, USA New York, New York, USA Mathew Brady Ansel Adams George Eastman House Collection Ansel Adams Publishing Rights Trust Rochester, New York, USA Mill Valley, California, USA Adolphe Braun Robert Adams George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Anne W. Brigman Raymond K. Albright George Eastman House Collection George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Rochester, New York, USA Gordon P. Brown Imaging Consultant Thomas Annan Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Nancy Burson George Eastman House Collection Frederick Scott Archer Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Julia Margaret Cameron George Eastman House Collection Eugéne Atget Rochester, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection Rochester, New York, USA Lewis Car roll George Eastman House Collection Anna Atkins Rochester, New York, USA Spencer Collection New York Pubic Library Charles Che valier New York, New York, USA George Eastman House Collection