SOUTH AFRICA’S FOUNDING DEMOCRATIC ELECTION 1994 AFRICA’S FOUNDING DEMOCRATIC SOUTH EISA Bibliographical Series No 1: South Africa’s Second Democratic Election 1999; An Annotated Bibliography Compiled by Beth Strachan, 2001 SOUTH AFRICA’S FOUNDING DEMOCRATIC ELECTION 1994 A Select and Annotated Bibliography ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ ▲ STRACHAN ISBN 1-920095-33-0 ▲ compiled by ▲ BETH STRACHAN 9781920 095338 Order from: [email protected] EISA BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES NO 2 EISA BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES NO 2 i SOUTH AFRICA’S FOUNDING DEMOCRATIC ELECTION 1994 A Select and Annotated Bibliography compiled by BETH STRACHAN 2005 EISA BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES NO 2 ii EISA BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES NO 2 Published by EISA 2nd Floor, The Atrium 41 Stanley Avenue, Auckland Park Johannesburg, South Africa 2006 P O Box 740 Auckland Park 2006 South Africa Tel: 27 11 482 5495 Fax: 27 11 482 6163 Email: [email protected] www.eisa.org.za ISBN: 1-920095-33-0 EISA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of EISA. First published 2005 EISA is a non-partisan organisation which seeks to promote democratic principles, free and fair elections, a strong civil society and good governance at all levels of Southern African society. –––––––––––– ❑ –––––––––––– Cover photograph: Yoruba Beaded Crown Reproduced with the kind permission of Hamill Gallery of African Art, Boston, Ma USA EISA Bibliographical Series No 2 EISA BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES NO 2 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface iv List of Acronyms vii Map xiv Bibliograpy Author INdex Subject Index . iv EISA BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES NO 2 PREFACE The holding of South Africa’s first democratic election on 27 April 1994 stands out as an epic moment in the history of our country. The founding election, desired, feared, devised and finally delivered was held in an atmosphere of almost jubilant euphoria. Its recording took many forms. This bibliography represents only a fraction of them. However this store of information, housed mainly in EISA’s own Library and Information Centre, still attracts attention. The indexing of it has highlighted the major preoccupations of the time. Among them are found the electoral process itself, preparations for it, challenges and difficulties faced by the Independent Electoral Commission, the apparent enormity of its tasks, its response under the critical stances and watchful eyes of monitors and international observers; the importance of the chosen electoral system, its implementation and consequences; the election results, their analysis, interpretation and correlation with political and opinion poll forecasts; the election outcome, and a door opened to a peaceful transition to democracy. Throughout it runs one predominant theme – the African National Congress, its activities and fortune, policies, strategies, support, and its power demonstrated and confirmed. Reflected strongly in the literature are the prevalent pre-election concerns: violence, its roots, distribution and possible escalation; pressure points, the KwaZulu- Natal cauldron, boycotts or participation, power play or mediation; accommodation to be made in the Western Cape, voter choice there and the vital role of the Coloured Community; right wing opposition parties and their options, overt violence or adjustment to a changing scene. Noticeable is the vital role played by voter education and the contribution made by Non Governmental Organizations in promoting this. Post-election political analyses also feature, with continuing and varying interpretations of the election results. The ‘miracle’ election is dissected and its component parts displayed, what should be retained, what should be improved? Change is in the air, developments are discussed, constitutional and gender issues increase and are debated, the critical requirements for free and fair elections are refined, and varying fortunes of political parties are traced. There is a widespread sense of relief, a determination to build on a good electoral beginning, with time provided for reflection and consideration. This bibliography is now published in part as a tribute to the dedicated spirits of the time who provided drive and practical encouragement to an approved electoral EISA BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES NO 2 v process, confirming its necessity and acceptance; and also in part as a contribution to EISA’s own continuing commitment to good governance and to credible elections, wherever held. AIM and SCOPE This English language bibliography provides references to material reflecting material on South Africa’s first founding democratic election on 27 April 1994, the pre-election situation, preparations for the election, the electoral process itself, the results, outcome and post-election developments. Books, pamphlets, periodical articles, reports and conferences are included. Newspaper articles are not. It is based on the stock of EISA’s own library, with additional source material gleaned from the records of the Africa Institute, the South African Institute of International Affairs and the Library of the University of the Witwatersrand. ARRANGEMENT The text itself is arranged in one numbered alphabetical sequence, by author, or title where no author is given. It is followed by an author index incorporating individual and corporate authors, compilers and sponsoring bodies, and a subject index linking terms and concepts to numbered entries. Since the focus of the bibliography is on the 1994 election in South Africa all material may be understood to refer to this, unless otherwise specified. ANNOTATIONS These are intended to indicate the item’s bearing on, and relationship to, the main theme, by highlighting special features and reflecting the attitudes and conclusions of the authors. They are not intended to provide complete summaries, but only to provide readers with sufficient detail to assess their relevance and direction. No value judgements are made. Annotations derived from other sources are acknowledged. ADDENDUM A list of acronyms encountered in the preparation of this and other electoral related records is included. ACKNOWLEDGENTS During its compilation the following institutions and their staff assisted in many helpful ways: the Library of the University of the Witwatersrand, in particular the John G Gubbins Africana Library with the generous support and co-operation of its Librarian, Margaret Northey; the South African Institute of International Affairs vi EISA BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES NO 2 Library, Jan Smuts House, with the knowledge and enthusiasm of its Librarian, Elna Schoeman; and the Africa Institute, Pretoria with the aid of its most welcoming and efficient staff. Finally, my warmest thanks to EISA’s Librarian and Publications Officer, Dr Jacqueline Kalley for initiating and guiding this project, and for bringing it to final fruition. Beth Strachan. EISA EISA BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES NO 2 vii LIST OF ACRONYMS ACCORD African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes ACDP African Christian Democratic Party ADM African Democratic Movement AEB Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging (Afrikaner Unity Movement) AEI African-European Institute AFSA Artists for a Free SOllth Africa AITUP Abolition of Income Tax and Usury party AMCP African Moderates Congress party AMP Africa Moral party , also, AMP Africa Muslim party AMPS All Media Product Survey ANC African National Congress ANCWL ANC Women’s League ANCYL ANCYouth League APLA Azanian People’s Liberation Army ASA Advertising Standards Authority of South Africa ASC African Studies Centre, Leiden AV Alternative Vote AVF Afrikaner People’s Front AVK Afrikaner Vo lksfront AVU Afrikaner Volksunie (Afrikaner People’s Union) AWB Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging AWEPA Association of West European Parliamentarians for Southern Africa AWEPAA Association of West European Parliamentarians against Apartheid AZANLA Azanian National Liberation Army AZAPO Azanian People’s Organisation BBB Blanke Bevryingsbeweging BCCSA Broadcasting Complaints Commission of South Africa BCMA Black Consciousness Movement of Azania BMCC Broadcast Monitoring and Complaints Committee BMP Broadcast Monitoring Project BOP Bophuthatswana BV Blanke Veiligheid BVB Boere Vryheidsbeweging BWB Boereweerstandsbeweging CASE Community Agency for Social Enquiry CBD Central Business District CBDP Community Based Development Programme CBM Consultative Business Movement CCB Civil Co-operation Bureau CCG Concerned Citizens Group CCMA Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration CCR Centre for Conflict Resolution CDP Christian Democratic Party CDRT Community Dispute Resolution Trust CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women viii EISA BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIES NO 2 CEO Chief Electoral Officer CF CitizenForce CFTC Commonwealth Fund for Technical Co-operation CGE Commission on Gender Equality CIS Centre for Intergroup Studies CLC Community Law Centre CMC Conflict Management Committee CODESA Convention for a Democratic South Africa COGSA Commonwealth Observer Group to South Africa COMSA Commonwealth Observer Mission to South Africa CONTRALESA Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa CORE Co-operative for Research and Education CORRLUSA Community Organisations, Residents, Ratepayers, Land Union of South Africa COSAG Concerned South Africans Group COSAS Congress of South African Students COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions CP Conservative