© 2014 VALERIE SCHUTTE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED “TO THE MOOSTE EXCELLENT AND VERTUOUSE QUEENE MARYE”: BOOK DEDICATIONS AS NEGOTIATIONS WITH MARY I A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Valerie Schutte August, 2014 “TO THE MOOSTE EXCELLENT AND VERTUOUSE QUEENE MARYE”: BOOK DEDICATIONS AS NEGOTIATIONS WITH MARY I Valerie Schutte Dissertation Approved: Accepted: _____________________________ ________________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. Michael Graham Dr. Martin Wainwright _____________________________ ________________________________ Committee Member Dean of the College Dr. Constance Bouchard Dr. Chand Midha _____________________________ ________________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Michael Levin Dr. George Newkome _____________________________ ________________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. Hilary Nunn _____________________________ Committee Member Dr. Susan Wabuda ii ABSTRACT Printed book and manuscript dedications were at the juncture between the actual interests (and reading abilities) of Tudor royal ladies and the beliefs and hopes of those who wrote and printed them on what was suitable for royalty and how royal ladies might be persuaded in certain directions. This dissertation argues that dedications, and the negotiations that accompanied them, reveal both contemporary perceptions of how statecraft, religion, and gender were and the political maneuvering attempting to influence how they ought to be. In particular, this dissertation provides a case study of these textual negotiations as they related to Queen Mary I. The fact that Mary received eighteen manuscript dedications and thirty-three printed book dedications shows that even by the middle of the sixteenth century manuscripts and print competed for value and prestige among patrons. This study begins with an introductory chapter on printed dedications to Lady Margaret Beaufort and the six consorts of Henry VIII. After this background chapter, the remainder of the study focuses on Mary, first considering dedications directed to her while she was a princess. This study next turns to printed dedications that Mary received while she was queen, as the majority of them were religious in nature, specifically addressing a return to Catholicism. The next chapter examines dedicated manuscripts directed to Mary, as well as all dedications to Philip while he was King of England. The iii final chapter considers Mary’s personal library, demonstrating that Mary used her books to reflect her role in returning England to the true religion and that she valued books as much as precious items as she did for the knowledge that they held. Importantly, this dissertation is a revisionist approach to book history and Marian studies. My study contributes to the new historiography of how women, specifically royal women, were involved in book creation, production, and dissemination, through the relatively underused sources of dedications. Importantly, this dissertation offers the first comprehensive catalogue of all book and manuscript dedications to Mary and all books that were known to have been in Mary’s personal library. iv DEDICATION To Blake and Victoria for their never-ending support. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………...1 II. LADY MARGARET BEAUFORT AND THE WIVES OF HENRY VIII……..29 Lady Margaret Beaufort………………………………………………….30 The Six Wives of Henry VIII…………………………………………….59 Conclusion .................................................................................................93 III. DEDICATIONS TO A PRINCESS……………………………………………..95 IV. PRINTED DEDICATIONS TO A QUEEN …………………………………..128 Obedience ................................................................................................133 Classical Literature and Philosophy…………………………………….151 Return of the True Religion .....................................................................161 Conclusion ...............................................................................................182 V. MANUSCRIPT DEDICATIONS TO MARY…………………………………184 Dedications by Henry Parker, Lord Morley ............................................186 Individual Manuscript Dedications…………………………………..…199 Dedications to King Philip…………………………………………...…218 Conclusion ...............................................................................................237 VI. BOOKS OWNED BY MARY…………………………………………………240 vi King Edward and Queen Mary Binder……………………………...….243 All Other Books in Mary’s Possession ....................................................262 Conclusion ...............................................................................................283 VII. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………285 WORKS CITED………………………………………………………………………..293 APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………….318 APPENDIX A. INGHELBERT HAGUE’S DEDICATION TO THE HEREFORD BREVIARY GIVEN TO LADY MARGARET BEAUFORT…………..………319 APPENDIX B. ENGLISH EDITIONS OF JUAN LUIS VIVES’S THE INSTRUCTION OF A CHRISTEN WOMAN…………………………………...320 APPENDIX C. BOOKS IN MARY’S LIBRARY…………………………….321 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Tudor queens of England, both consorts and regnants, have been the topic of much academic research. From biographies to sexual and political histories, Tudor queens have been thoroughly examined. However, their role in the development and patronage of print, specifically through book dedications directed to them, still needs attention. The study of book dedications provides insight into the political and social impact of print by showing how dedications could be used for patronage and as tools of power. Book dedications are often the first words in any early modern printed book following the title, but they have generally been skipped over in favor of studying the body of the text. The dedications to the Tudor queens of England are particularly interesting when considering patronage and power. Lady Margaret Beaufort, the mother of Henry VII, Elizabeth of York, his wife, the six queens consort of Henry VIII, and the two queens regnant, Mary I and Elizabeth I, received more than 250 dedications in a period of just over one hundred years. While this is interesting in itself, when considered in light of the novelty of print in England and the assumed inferiority of queens to kings, the dedications can be used to extract social and political meaning. Book dedications show the importance of women to royal patronage of printed books in the first century of English print. I will argue that book dedications were an 1 arena in which men and women negotiated patronage, politics, religion, and gender roles. In dedications, patrons and clients, or queens and clients, negotiated patronage arrangements (including favor and payment); the politics of marriage, divorce, and religion; and the appropriate education and power of women. In particular, I will provide a case study of these textual negotiations as they related to Mary I. Specifically for Mary, book a dedications give insight into expectations of her role in returning England to the Catholic Church and into women’s expected virtue. Texts dedicated to Mary as a princess reflected an agenda of education, preparing the young Mary for the possibility of her rule. Dedications to Mary as a queen overwhelmingly address Mary’s role in the Catholic restoration of England. On a most basic level, the dedications illuminate the patronage relationships surrounding the production of these texts. For the purposes of this dissertation, “negotiation” should be understood as a dialogue between Mary and her dedicators; essentially, a process whereby men appealed to Mary so as to achieve a collective advantage in which Mary became a more educated, virtuous, and Catholic reformist which would result in the betterment of England. In some instances, dedicators received nothing in return for their dedications, while in other instances there is evidence that Mary rewarded her dedicators, indicating that she valued their advice. For example, Mary had a long-term patronage relationship with Henry Parker, Lord Morley which resulted in Mary and Morley exchanging New Year’s gifts of books and payments nearly every year beginning in 1536. 2 Understanding book dedications, or books in general, as negotiations is a novel approach to book history.1 In 2010, Cynthia Brown edited a collection of essays on books and documents associated with Anne of Brittany to show how Anne influenced culture at the French court.2 Essays explore topics from patronage, to print culture, to language. Brown’s monograph on Anne of Brittany also has a chapter that uses book dedications as its main primary sources and argues that contradictions between dedications and the actual text of a book suggest that male French authors were ambivalent about their female patrons and probably did not expect them to read their books beyond the dedication.3 Pete Langman has also edited a collection of essays that examines how printers, authors, and readers interacted and affected one another.4 This collection specifically addresses negotiations over authority and legitimacy, as books were influenced from both the bottom and the top of society. Much like both of these edited collections, my study seeks to understand the interactions of culture, religion, and book dedictions. 1 When narrowing my dissertation topic around book dedications, I had just read a copy of Barbara Rosenwein’s Negotiating