ANIMATION: A WORLD HISTORY Volume I: Foundations— The Golden Age Giannalberto Bendazzi CRC Press Taylor &. Francis Croup A FOCAL PRESS BOOK Contents Contributors and Collaborators xi Pre-History II 14 A Static Mirror? 14 Acknowledgements xii The Flipbook 15 1 Foundations 1 Emile Reynaud 15 Birth of the Theatre 16 What It Is 1 Optique The Theatre and How Mapping Chaos 1 Optique It Worked 18 Turning Points 1 On with the Lantern Show 19 Periods 1 Colour Music 19 Guilty, but with an Explanation 2 Cinema of Attractions 21 Traces 2 Frame Frame 21 You Won't Find... 3 by Arthur 22 A Hybrid 3 Melbourne-Cooper Walter Robert Booth 23 Edwin Stanton Porter 24 The First Period 5 James Stuart Blackton 25 The First Period spans the years before the screening of Emile CohTs film Fantasmagorie in The Second Period 27 France. There is no 'animation' as such Paris, The Second Period embraces the entire silent there, but the film still incorporates many fea¬ film era and ends with a specific date: 18 Novem¬ tures that look like what nowadays we would ber 1928, the day of the public screening of Walt consider to be animation. We will call this Disney's first 'talkie', the short film Steamboat Wil¬ period 'Before Fantasmagorie (0-1908)'. lie. We will call this period 'The Silent Pioneers (1908-1928)'. 2 Before Fantasmagorie (0-1908) 7 3 The Silent Pioneers (1908-1928) 29 Archaeology 7 The Cradle 29 Phidias' Animating Chisel 8 Days of Heaven and Hell 29 Representation 8 Culture 29 The Motion Analysis 8 Cinema 30 Music 9 Narrative and Non-Narrative 30 The Meaning of the Implicit Fantasmagorie 31 Movement 11 The Fathers 32 An Object of Philosophy 11 Emile Cohl 32 Pre-History I 12 Georges Melies 33 Science, Science, Science 12 The First Abstract Cinema 34 Writing with Light 13 Arnaldo Ginna 34 viii Contents 69 Leopold Survage 35 Norway Winsor McCay 35 Finland 70 Colour 37 Hungary 70 Spain 70 4 Silent America 1 38 Portugal 71 The Fathers' Sons 38 The Rest of Europe 72 Comics, Animation, and Cinema 38 Russia/Soviet Union 72 Birth of the Industry 38 Ladislas Starewich 72 Raoul Barre 38 After the Revolution 75 Cut, Insert, Replace 39 Ukraine 81 John Randolph Bray 39 7 Silent Asia 82 The International Film Service 40 Other American Artists 41 Japan 82 Willis O'Brien 41 The Narrator 84 Instruments and Language 42 8 Silent Latin America 85 5 Silent America II 44 Mexico 85 The Fleischer Brothers 44 Colombia 85 Felix, Pat, and Otto Messmer 45 Brazil 86 Terry and the Fables 46 Chile 86 Bowers Unbound 47 Argentina: The World's First Lantz's Debut 48 Animated Feature Film 86 48 Bray, Hurd, and Mintz Quirino Cristiani 86 Sarg and Dawley 48 O ' 9 Silent Africa 88 The Young Walt Disney 50 Union of South Africa 88 6 Silent Europe 52 10 Silent Oceania 90 The Individualists 52 Great Britain 52 Australia 90 Ireland 53 More About It 90 France 54 Lortac 54 The Third Period 93 Advertisers and Illustrators 54 Third Period includes the when Walt Germany: Animation in The years / dominated the and the devel¬ the Weimar Republic 55 Disney industry film animation as a form of The Matrix 56 opment of primary and beloved Walther Ruttmann 56 entertainment, acclaimed by critics the world. An Viking Eggeling 57 by audiences throughout appro¬ 'The Hans Richter 58 priate denomination of this period is Lotte Reiniger 59 Golden Age (1928-1951)'. Austria 63 11 The Golden Age (1928-1951) 95 Switzerland 64 Denmark 65 Steamboat Willie 95 Storm P. 65 Sync or Sink 95 Sweden 67 The Non-Concurrence Grogg the Sailor Man 67 Factor 96 Other Swedish Animators 68 Sound 97 Contents ix 12 America Laughs! 98 Hans Held 151 Wolfgang Kaskeline 15 2 Walt Disney the Tycoon 98 Avant-Garde 152 The Fixed Star 99 Oskar Fischinger 15 3 Human or Animal? 100 Austria 157 Years of Expansion 101 Switzerland 159 The Ones Who Made the Magic 101 Denmark Another Disney Folly 102 160 Sweden The Pillar Brother 103 162 Disney's Animation Declines 105 Norway 162 Poland The Twelve Rules of the 163 Stefan and Franciszka Nine Men 107 Themerson 164 Animation Heads West 109 Czechoslovakia The Masters' Master 111 165 166 Lantz from the Rabbit to the Hungary Woodpecker 111 George Pal 166 Ub Iwerks 113 Yugoslavia 167 Greece 167 Mintz, Krazy, and Columbia 113 167 Van Beuren 114 Italy Spain 169 Terrytoons and Mighty Mouse 114 Catalan 169 The Fleischers: Betty Boop, Vibrancy The Edad Dorada 170 Popeye, and Two Feature Barcelona's 170 Films 115 Entrepreneurs Barcelonese Warner Bros. 118 Feature-Length Films 171 Tex Avery 119 Bob Clampett 123 Madrid 172 Carl W. Stalling, Musical Valencia 172 Animator 125 Portugal 173 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer: Gat, 14 Soviet Union 174 Mouse, and Tex 126 Russia Tashlin the Wanderer 127 174 Lithuania The American Avant-Garde 128 177 Canada 129 Ukraine 177 Georgia 177 13 131 Europe Armenia 178 Great Britain 131 Azerbaijan 179 Len 132 Lye 15 Asia 180 France 135 Anthony Gross 137 Japan 180 Berthold Bartosch 138 Ofuji Noburo 181 Alexandre Alexei'eff 140 Masaoka Kenzo 182 Belgium 147 Kimura Hakuzan 184 The Netherlands 147 A Brave New World 184 Germany in Nazi Time 148 Mochinaga Tadahito and Hans Fischerkoesen 150 His Legacy 184 The Brothers Diehl 151 IchikawaKon 186 Heinz Tischmeyer 151 China 187 x Contents 194 17 Africa 16 Latin America 189 194 Mexico 189 Egypt Union of South Africa 194 Colombia 190 Venezuela 190 Index 197 Brazil 191 Argentina 191 ANIMATION: A WORLD HISTORY Volume II: The Birth of a Style— The Three Markets Giannalberto Bendazzi CRC Press J Taylor & Francis Croup A FOCAL PRESS BOOK Contents Contributors and Collaborators xi Bunin's Puppets 22 Television 101 22 The Fourth Period TV and American Animation 23 Jay Ward 23 The Fourth Period is short and runs from 1951 TV and Animated Commercials 23 (the date of projection of the UPA short Ger¬ The West Coast Experimental ald to 1960, the date of the first McBoing Boing) Film Movement 24 international animation film festival (Annecy, Jordan Belson 24 France). It is characterized by indecision. Dis¬ Harry Smith, Heaven and and his imitators lost momentum, the UPA ney Earth Magician 27 proposed a new style, the television age began The Enigma of Hy Hirsh 28 and an animation was born in original output The Canadian Phenomenon 29 We'll christen it 'The Birth of a Europe. Style Norman McLaren 30 (1951-1960)'. More About It 36 America 3 2 Western Europe 41 After the Long Telegram 3 Great Britain 41 Culture 4 John David Wilson 42 Almighty and Suspicious 4 John Halas andJoy Batchelor 42 Gerald McBoing Boing 5 France 45 UPA 6 Grimault and the Stories Pete Burness 8 from the Front 45 Robert Cannon 9 Ladislas Starewitch and the John Hubley 10 Feature Film 46 Theory from Practice 10 Germany 48 The Galaxy 11 Federal Republic of Germany 48 Walt Disney 12 Austria 49 Warner Bros. 12 Switzerland 50 Friz Freleng 13 Denmark 50 ChuckJones 14 Kaj Pindal 51 Michael Maltese 19 Bent Barfod 52 The Resurgence of Norway 54 Terrytoons 20 Finland 55 Walter Lantz's Oasis 20 Greece 55 MGM's Cat and Mouse 21 Italy 56 From Fleischer to Famous 21 Portugal 56 vi Contents the field of tel¬ Eastern Europe 57 changes within the market (in evision or advertising) and within technology Poland 57 (e.g. computers), it is substantially uniform, as Czechoslovakia and Puppets 57 it obeys the political and economic division of Hermina Tyrlova 59 the world into two major areas: one influenced Karel Zeman 60 by the liberal United States and one influenced Jin Trnka 62 by the communist Soviet Union. This period is The Music of the 67 Puppets called 'The Three Markets (1960-1991)'. Hungary 68 Yugoslavia: The First Stage 8 The Three Markets (1960-1991) 99 of the School 68 Zagreb Global Stability 99 Croatia 68 It Seemed Such an Easy Game 99 71 Bulgaria Animation Forks 100 Romania 71 102 More About It 1 71 9 America 74 More About It 2 On the Big Screen - Shorts 102 Soviet Union 76 On the Big Screen — Feature Films 103 Stephen Bosustow 104 Russia 76 A Cat in the Heavy Traffic 105 Ivan Ivanov-Vano 79 Ray Harryhausen 106 Lithuania 83 On the Small Screen 107 83 Georgia Weston Woods, from Book Asia 85 to Film 109 Independent Filmmakers 110 85 Japan Ernest Pintoff 111 Toei Doga's Start-Up 85 Jane Aaron 112 Praiseworthy People 87 John Canemaker 113 Mori Yasuji 87 George Griffin 114 Pro 88 Otogi Those Talented Inventive Experiments 88 People 117 China 89 John and Faith Hubley 118 Latin America 91 Will Vinton 120 Fine Artists for Animation 123 Mexico 91 123 Venezuela 91 Jules Engel Robert Breer 128 Brazil 92 John Whitney 129 Argentina 92 James Whitney 130 Africa 94 LawrenceJordan 132 Not to Overlook 133 South African Republic 94 People Stan Van der Beek 134 The Fifth Period Canada 136 The National Film Board The Fifth Period with the of begins blooming Goes to Heaven 136 the television series and auteur animation and Pierre Hebert 138 ends with the conclusion of the Cold War. Vancouver & Co. 140 it is varied and to Although subjected strong Caroline Leaf 142 Consents vii Ishu Patel 144 Jan Lenica 194 Frederic Back 145 Austria 195 More About It 1 146 Switzerland 197 More About It 2 147 Denmark 201 More About It 3 148 Lejf Marcussen 203 More About It 4 150 Jannik Hastrup 204 Sweden: Growth 205 Western Europe 152 Norway 209 Cartoon EU 152 Finland: Reserved and Serene 211 Clusters of Studios 153 Iceland 213 New Technologies 153 Greece 214 The Pre-Production 153 Italy: Allegro non Troppo 215 Cartoon Forum 154 Bruno Bozzetto 216 The Cartoon d'Or 154 Gianini and Luzzati 217 Cartoon Movie 154 Osvaldo Cavandoli 220 Great Britain: The Good Years 155 Guido Manuli 220 Alison De Vere 156 Manfredo Manfredi 221 The Quay Brothers 157 Cioni Carpi 222 Young Aardman & Co.