Tortricid moths (Lepidoptera) of Oceania Peter T Oboyski Essig Museum of Entomology University of California, Berkeley Family: Noctuidae (noctuid, owlet moths) Family: Geometridae (geometers) Family: Tortricidae ~ 1000 described species worldwide Small to medium size (0.5 - 2.5 cm wingspan) Often brown and gray, generally cryptic Mostly nocturnal Include pests of forestry and agriculture Some strictly monophagous others broadly polyphagous Most species are readily attracted to lights and are often numerical abundant One of the most species-rich families in the “microlepidoptera” Cryptophlebia pallifimbriana - Mape pest Cryptophlebia illepida - Macadamia pest Epiphyas postvittana - agricultural pest Successful lineages in the Polynesia Eccoptocera Dichelopa Strepsicrates Pararrhaptica Cydia Crocidosema Spheterista Bactra Cryptophlebia Tritopterna Archipini Bactrini Grapholitini Eucosmini Tortricinae Olethreutinae “leaf-rollers” “internal” feeders Tortricidae Below left: Tortrix viridana (Tortricinae: Tortricini) Larva within rolled leaves of Quercus sp. (Photo: Milan Zubrik) Above right: Cydia plicata (Olethreutinae: Grapholitini) Larva within seed of Sophora chrysophylla in Hawaii Pacific Islands Clarke Marquesas Tortricidae Rapa Micronesia Bradley Solomons New Hebrides Fiji Norfolk Island Diakonoff New Guinea Philippines Swezey, Zimmerman JFG Clarke Hawaii Surveys for microlepidoptera (particularly Tortricidae) in the Pacific To radiate or not to radiate? Genera of Tortricidae Soc Marq Rapa Haw Dichelopa - Australia (6) 2 26 15 0 Pararrhaptica 0 0 0 20 Spheterista 0 0 0 16 Cydia - Holearctic+ 1 1 0 20 Cryptophlebia - Afro-Asia-Pacific 3 2 1 2 Eccoptocera 0 0 0 11 Strepsicrates - Pan-pacific + 4 1 2 1 Bactra - mostly Old World 1 0 1 2 Crocidosema - S. Amer. (16) 1 1 1 4 Tritopterna - Indonesia (2) 1 1 1 0 Dudua - Indonesia (11) 0 1 1 0 To radiate or not to radiate? Genera of Tortricidae Soc Marq Rapa Haw Dichelopa - Australia (6) 2 26 15 0 Pararrhaptica 0 0 0 20 Spheterista 0 0 0 16 Cydia - Holearctic+ 1 1 0 20 Cryptophlebia - Afro-Asia-Pacific 3 2 1 2 Eccoptocera 0 0 0 11 Strepsicrates - Pan-pacific + 4 1 2 1 Bactra - mostly Old World 1 0 1 2 Crocidosema - S. Amer. (16) 1 1 1 4 Tritopterna - Indonesia (2) 1 1 1 0 Dudua - Indonesia (11) 0 1 1 0 26 2+ 6 15 Dichelopa distribution 16+ 20+ Spheterista & Pararrhaptica distribution 3 3 1 1 7 10 9 1 4 1 1 Adoxophyes distribution Plus: Seychelles, Reunion, Mauritius, Madagascar, India, Russia, Germany 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2+ 9 2 7 Strepsicrates distribution Plus: Madagascar, Canary Islands, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Tritopterna eocnephaea distribution 1 2 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 1 7 2 11 1 2 1 1 4 1 Plus: Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka Dudua (aprobola) distribution 3 5 1 2 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 1 7 3 2 7 2 4 1 1 2 3+ 8 1 Cryptophlebia distribution Plus: Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia Cydia Hawaiian(Olethreutinae: Grapholitini) Cydia in: TaxonomyHawaii 13 previously1 cm described species from Hawaii --- 20 now known 220+ species, mostly holearctic ~20 1 1 3? Cydia distribution Conclusions For the “leaf-roller” tribe Archipini (subfamily Tortricinae), radiation of 1 genus per archipelago (2 in Hawaii) We can speculate that there may be niche preoccupation preventing establishment/radiation of other genera or Purely chance colonization on each archipelago Genera in the subfamily Olethreutinae (except for Cydia) appear to have limited radiations, instead with widespread individual species. General patterns suggest origins out of Indo-Australian area, except for Cydia in Hawaii Acknowledgements Advisors: George Roderick Berkeley Natural Rosemary Gillespie Jerry Powell History Museums Field & Lab assistants: Marie Franc Katie Roggenveen Zac Hannah Matt Strauser UC Berkeley Aviva Goldmann Walker Fund Jiao "Joyce" Xue Lepidoptera Phylogeny From Grimaldi & Engel (2005) Evolution of the Insects {modified from Kristensen (1999) Handbook of Zoology}.