INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Micixxilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1 R 4EJ, ENGLAND 8022260 DREES, BASTIAAN MEIJER THE BIOACOUSTICS OF TABANIDAE CDIPTERA) The Ohio State University PH.D. 1980 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 18 Bedford Row, London WC1R 4EJ, England Copyright 1980 by DREES, BASTIAAN MEIJER All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark . 1. Glossy photographs 2. Colored illustrations 3. Photographs with dark background '4. Illustrations are poor copy____ 5. °rint shows through as there is text on both sides of page 6. In d istin ct, broken or small p rin t on several pages ^ throughout 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 8. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 9. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author ________ 10. Page(s) ________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows ________ 11. Poor carbon copy________ 12. Not original copy, several pages with blurred type 13. Appendix pages are poor copy________ 14. Original copy with light type_________ 15. Curling and wrinkled pages _ _ _ _ _ _ 16. Other University Miodffiims irtternarional 200 N Z=== PO. ANN AR30P 48106 '313! 761-4700 THE BIOACOUSTICS OF TABANIDAE (DIPTERA) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Bastiaan Meijer Drees. B.A., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 1980 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Donald E. Johnston Dr. Glen R. Needham 7 Adviser Dr. Donald J. Borror Department of Entomology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This investigation could not have been undertaken without the help and support of many individuals. I am deeply grateful to my adviser, Professor Donald E. Johnston, for encouragement and guidance throughout my studies, and to my father, Mr. Jan Meijer Drees, for providing technical assistance for the aerodynamic aspects of insect flight. I am also indebted to Professor Donald J. Borror for the time and effort he gave in teaching me the fundamentals and techniques of bioacoustics, and to Dr. L. L. Pechuman of Cornell University for his continued assistance with the difficult dipterous family, Tabanidae. Special thanks must also be given to Professor Linda Butler of West Virginia University for giving me a broad base of entomological knowledge and the enthusiasm to pursue my interests. I have enjoyed working with my examination committee members, Dr. Glen R. Needham and Professor Willard C. Myser and I thank them for undertaking a project which was slightly out of the ordinary. Other members of The Ohio State University faculty who have had a profound influence on my years as a doctorate candidate include, Dr. D. J. Horn, Dr. G. Ekis, Dr. D. L. Denlinger, Dr. C. A. Triplehorn, Dr. G. W. Wharton, Dr. W. A. Foster and Dr. W. C. Rothenbuhler. Day to day existence in Columbus, Ohio was possible and even enjoyable only because of the close friendships and support of my fellow graduate students including Dr. Dan Potter, Dr. Jay Bradfield, Beth Lenoble, Maury Walsh, Greg Walker, Lucille Antony, Connie Rogers, Larry Ross, Ann Gnagey, and Rick Helmich. Finally, I wish to thank the two women in my life: my mother, Jacoba Meijer Drees, and my wife-to-be, Carol Frost, to whom this work is dedicated. Born, Amsterdam, Netherlands B.A., Biology with minors in Chemistry and Art, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. Laboratory Technician, curator of the Rhopalocera and Tabanidae sections of the Insect Museum, and application of green house pest control in the Horticulture Greenhouse for the Department of Entomology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. Insect Specialist, identifications and control recommendations, assisting Dr. J. F. Baniecki, West Virginia Cooperative Extension Service, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV. Andrew Delmar Hopkins Scholarship in Entomology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. M.Sc., Entomology, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV. Teaching Associate, Economic Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Ohio's Survey Entomologist, in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture, the Ohio Department of Agriculture, the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, and the Ohio Cooperative Extension Service, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Teaching Associate, General Biology, Department of Zoology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 1979............................................... Administrative Assistant and insect specialist for Dr. R. L. Miller, Ohio Cooperative Extension Service, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 1979-1980 .................................. Teaching Associate, Insect Morphology, Economic Entomology, and General Entomology, Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 1980.............................................. Instructor, Biology- The World of Insects, Urban Extension and Community Programs, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 1980................................................Ph.D., Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. PUBLICATIONS Baniecki, J. F., and B. M. Drees. 1979. General Leaf Feeding Caterpillars, Pest Information Series 87. Cooperative Extension Service, West Virginia University, Morgantwon, WV. _______ 1976. Ants and their control. Pest Information Series 95. Cooperative Extension Service, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. _______ 1976. Fleas and their control. Pest Information Series 96. Cooperative Extension Service, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. Drees, B. M. 1977. in The Cooperative Plant Pest Report 2(15-36). APHIS-PPQ, United States Department of Agriculture, Hyattsville, MD. Citations from the 1977 Ohio Cooperative Economic Insect Report (1-26). _______ 1978. in The Cooperative Plant Pest Report 3(16-36). APHIS- PPQ, United States Department of Agriculture, Hyattsville, MD. Citations from the 1978 Ohio Cooperative Economic Insect Report (1-26). Drees, B. M. and L. Butler. 1978. Rhopalocera of West Virginia. J. Lepidopterist's Society 32(3):192-206. Clement, S. L., G. Szatmari-Goodman, and B. M. Drees. 1979. The status and control of the Ohio corn rootworms. Ohio Report 64(1): 8- 10 . V Drees, B. M., L. Butler, and L. L. Pechuman. In press. The horse flies and deer flies of West Virginia; An illustrated key (Diptera Tabanidae). Biological Bulletin, West Virginia Experiment Station West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. FIELDS OF STUDY Major field: Entomology Areas of Specialization: Biology of Rhopalocera and Tabanidae, insects of economic importance, and insect behavior. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. 11 VITA.......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................ x INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review of Tabanid Sexual Behavior and Rationale for Investigating the Sounds of Tabanid Flight.... 2 METHODS AND MATERIALS ..................................................................................