# w STATE P0 L I c E * <: i\i ttfcfciHK****** RESEARCH REPORT RESEARCH DEPARTMENT KANSAS LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL S T A T E POLICE ANALYSIS OF EXISTING LAWS AND OF THE EXPERIENCE OF (.TIER STATES WITH SPECIAL APPLICATION TO KANSAS RESEARCH REPORT Prepared as a Basis of Discussion of Proposals Pending Before The Kansas Legislative Council November Meeting, 1934 RESEARCH DEPARTMENT, KANSAS LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL STATE OF KANSAS LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL Lieut. Gov. Charles W. Thompson, Chairman Speaker 7/. H. Vernon, Vice Chairman Franklin Corrick, Secretary J. W. Blood, Representative S. C. BlosS, Representative II. S. Buzick, Jr., Representative C. V. Cochran, Representative Clyde W. Coffman, Senator Claude 0. Conkey, Senator R. A. Cox, Representative Jess C. Dcnious, Senator C. B. Dodge, Senator -. A. Doerschlag, Representative V'. G. Fink, Representative Matt Guilfoyle, Representative Claud Hanson, Senator Edmund 0. Kirchner, Representative Dallas V. Knapp, Senator Oscar ?. May, Representative John 0. Worse, Representative Joseph S. McDonald, Senator . Clarence G. N..vins, Representative Charier H. Palmer, Representative John H. Riddle, Representative Ralph G. Rust, Senator Thale P. Skovgard, Senator Ray Smith, Represc-ntativo Harry Tarrcn, Senator Research Department F. H. Guild, Director Cand.n Strain, Asst. Director This report has been compiled ps a bnsis for consideration of Proposal 11, now pending before the Legislative Council. For information concerning th? actual operation of state police systems the chief source has been the offi­ cial reports of the departments concerned, supplemented by considerable correspondence. The offices of the Attorney General of Kansas, Adjutant General, and Legal Department of the Highway Gomnission have contributed information of importance. Much material has been taken from the standard authorities, particularly v.horc facts were not available and it 7 ns necessary to rtly upon tha opinions of competent observers. Two books. The State Police, and Rural Crime Control, both by Bruce Smith, have been used extensively. The bibliography sufficiently indicates other sources, but detailed annotations are available in the files of the department. Digests of state laws and texts of bills and proposals v.511 be found in State Police, a mimeographed report issued by the League of Kansas Municipalities, August 11, 1931. The policy of the Research Department, for special projects, has ber-n to secure the services of the most in­ formed men available. This report is very largely the work of Donald H. Roney who had already compiled a very consider­ able amount of material in the field. He was added to the staff as research assistant to prepare the report under direction of the department. F. H. Guild, Director November 3, 1931 Research Department TABLE OF CONTENTS Subject Page ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF STATE POLICE SYSTEM 1 1. The "Border Patrol" Period 1 Table 1. Significant Dates in the Development of State Police Systems 2 2. Beginnings of the Modern State Police System 3 3. "Reorganization and Expansion" Period 4 4. Period of Highway Patrol Development 5 Present Status of the Movement 6 Map - State Police, as of September 1, 1934 7 GENERAL AUTHORITY OF STATE POLICE 8 1. Powers and Duties 8 Table 2. Special Duties of State Police 9 2. Restrictions upon Powers 10 RELATION TO OTHER POLICE AGENCIES 14 1. Relationship with Local Officers U Table 3. Authority cf State Police in Local Districts 16 2. Militia as State Police 17 GENERAL OPERATION OF STATE POLICE 21 1. General Activities 21 Table 4. Summary of Activities, New Jersey State Police, 1922-1932 21 Table 5-a. Classified Table of Arrests 23 Table 5-b. Classified Table of Arrests Reduced to Percentages 24 Table 5-c. Classified Table of Arrests: Typical State Police System 25 2. Communication Systems 26 New Jersey Police Teletype System 27 3. Transportation 32 Table 6-a. Patrol Mileage - New Jersey 33 Table 6-b. Patrol Mileage - New York 34 4. Criminal Identification 34 EFFICIENCY OF STATE POLICE 36 1. Evidences of Increased Law Enforcement 36 2. Insurance Rates - Bank Robberies 36 Table 7. State Police and Insurance Rates 37 3. Convictions and Arrests 39 Table 8 , Ratio of Convictions to Arrests 39 Section Subject pGge VI ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENTS ,40 1. The departments of State Police 40 Organization Charts: I - Pennsylvania State Police /I II - New York State Police 42 III - New Jersey State Police 43 IV - Oregon State Police 44 V - Texas Rangers 4$ VI - Connecticut State Police (1927) 46 VII - " " «» (1934) 47 VIII - Michigan Division of State Police under Department of Public Safety 48 2. The Department of Public Safety 49 Organization Charts: IX - Massachusetts Dept, of Public Safety 50 X - Michigan Dept, of Public Safety (1927) . 51 XI - Michigan Dept, of Public Safety (Present) 52 XII - West Virginia Dept, of Fublic Safety 53 XIII - Proposed Texas Department of Public Safety 54 VII ADMINISTRATION OF DEPARTMENTS 55 1. The Administrative Head 55 Table 9. Tenure of Office of Administrative Head 56 Table 10. Qualifications of Chief Administrative Officers 58 2. The Direction and Control of Personnel 59 Tabic 11. Composition of Force 61 3. The Detective Bureau 64 4. Training Schools 65 Table 12. Special Administrative Facilities 66 5. Comparative Absence of Politics 67 6. Death, Disability, and Retirement Systems 68 VIII APPLICATION OF THE STATE POLICE IDEA TO KANSAS 70 1. Existing Facilities in Kansas 70 Table 13. Kansas National Guard - Mobilization to Preserve Peace and Order, 1919 - 1934 71 Table 14. Kansas National Guard - Police Duty 72 2. Cost of a State Police System 73 Table 15. New York - Appropriations, 1930-1933 75 Table 16. New Jersey - Expenditures, 1930-1932 76 Table 17. Connecticut - Appropriations, 1934-1935 76 Table 18. Massachusetts - Appropriations, 1930-1932 77 Table 19. Michigan - Appropriations, 1932-1935 78 Table 20. New Jersey - Returns AttribuTed to State Police Activity, 1930-1932 79 Possible Apportionment of Cost to Highway Fund 79 3. Possible Procedures for Kansas 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY 82 1 I ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF STATE POLICE SYSTEMS It is a recognized fact that the influence of English institutions has been largely responsible for the lines of development taken by many of our own in­ stitutions, especially in the field of local government. Consequently we find the almost universal adoption in America of the English sheriff-constable system of law enforcement, transplanted without appreciable change. It is not surprising, there­ fore, to find that attempts to improve the machinery of lav/ enforcement both in America and the British Empire have followed very similar methods in both the prob­ lems of rural, frontier protection and the policing of thickly settled urban districts. In all instances the method has been the same - essentially that of in­ creasing and extending the geographical limits of police jurisdiction, with a view to the co-ordination of police activities over a larger area than that represented by the English or American county. To meet the problem of frontier police protec­ tion in the British Empire there were established such organizations as the Royal North West Mounted Police, The Australian Troppers, and the Royal Irish Constabulary, all organized along military lines. To meet the urban problem, several of the larger, more thickly populated administrative counties of England developed highly organized county police systems. In the United States similar developments have almost universally taken the form of state police systems. The history of the movement and the factors condi­ tioning it can be roughly broken up into four periods as shown in Table 1. 1. The "Border Patrol" Period The earliest form of state police force to make its appearance was that represented by the Texas Rangers, estbalished in the days of the Taxes Republic, largely for military service on the Mexican Border. The General Council of the Provisional Government of Texas (1835) authorized three Ranger companies "who shall be subject to the orders and direction of the Commander-in-chief of the Regular Army." This function of border patrol, characteristic of this early period, has persisted to the present day, and although a certain amount of criminal investigation has been undertaken since 1904 the Rangers still retain much of their frontier character. General reorganization was effected by statute in 1874, 1901, and 1919. It is inter­ esting to note that there exists, side by side with the Rangers in Texas today, a highway patrol force similar to the one at present operating in Kansas. There has also been in Texas during the last few years considerable agitation for a general reorganization and consolidation of these forces into a Department of Public Safety. In 1865 a few "state constables" were appointed in Massachusetts. While their chief function was the suppression of commercialized vice, they were also granted general police•powers to be exorcised throughout the st^te. Massachusetts may therefore be said to have been the first to establish a genercl state police force. The new body was rudimentary in its conception and organization, and became the subject of recurrent legislative revision. In 1879 this process culminated in the establishment of the Massachusetts District Police, a state detective unit, which in turn was absorbed by the state patrol force set up in the new department of public safety in 1920. 2 TABLE 1 Significant Periods and Dates in the Development of State Police Systems 1. The "Border Patrol" Period 1835 - TEXAS Rangers established. 1865 - MASSACHUSETTS "State Constables" established. 1879 - MASSACHUSETTS "District Police" organized; state detective force, primarily. 1901 - ARIZONA Rangers established; similar to Texas Rangers. 1903 - CONNECTICUT Police established; similar to Massachusetts District Police; vice control, primarily. 1905 - NEW MEXICO Mounted Police; similar to Texas Rrngers. 2. Beginnings of the Modern State Police System 1905 - PENNSYLVANIA State Police established. 1917 - NEW YORK Department of State Police established; similar to Pennsylvania. 1917 - MICHIGAN State Police established; similar to Pennsylvania.